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THE  ANGLICAN  CLERGY  IN  THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION 


BY 

ESTHER  JEANETTE  HARPER 

A.  B.  Illinois  Womans  College,  1921 


THESIS 

SUBMITTED  IN  PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS 
FOR  THE  DEGREE  OF  MASTER  OF  ARTS  IN  HISTORY 
IN  THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL  OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

1922 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


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https://archive.org/details/anglicanclergyinOOharp 


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CONTENTS 


Pages 

chapter  I 1 

The  General  Situation  in  the  Ainerican 
Colonies 

chapter  II  7 

The  Anglican  Clergy 

CHAPTER  III  S3 

The  Struggle  for  an  Episcopate 

CHAPTER  IV  S3 

Theories  and  Opinions 

CHAPTER  V 42 

The  Treatment  of  the  Anglican  Clergy 

CHAPTER  VI  50 

Conclusion 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


53 


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THE  ANGLICAN  CLERGY  IN  THE 
AMERICAN  REVOLUTION 
CHAPTER  I 

The  General  Situation  in  the  American  Colonies 

The  Loyalist  party  of  the  American  Revolution,  composed  of 
those  who  remained  faithful  to  the  King,  included  not  only  Episco- 
palians hut  also  Presbyterians,  Lutherans,  Catholics,  Methodists, 
and  a.  few  Quakers.  It  is  true  that  the  clergy,  perhaps,  took  a more 

active  part  than  the  laymen,  but  the  loyalist  party  contained  all 

1 

races  and  nationalities  and  all  classes  of  society. 

Loyalism  was  based  upon  many  of  the  fundamental  teachings  of 

the  Church  of  England.  The  Anglican  church  instilled  into  the  heart 

of  each  mejiiber,  the  conviction  that  loyalty  to  the  King,  and  obed- 

2 

ience  to  the  established  law  were  religious  duties.  A clergyman, 

when  ordained,  was  obliged  to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 

state  as  well  as  to  the  church,  and  he  believed  that  it  was  a moral 

obligation  to  pray  for,  and  to  give  homage  to  the  King.  Anglicanism 

Was  one  of  the  most  powerful  influences  in  determining  the  colonial 

3 

political  parties  when  they  began  to  take  shape.  We  may  say  then, 
that  the  Loyalist  party  was  "formed  out  of  the  social,  religious, 
political  and  corrjjnercial  tendencies  which  appeared  here  and  there 

1 

Fisher,  Sturgyle  for  American  Independence . I,  242 

2 

Flick,  Loyalism  in  N.Y.  During  the  American  Revolution.  19 
3 

Ibid.  10 


c, 

4 

during  more  than  a century  of  colonial  hiatory." 

Toward  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century,  the  Bishop  of 
London  sent  out  Mr.  James  Blair  and  Mr.  Thomas  Bray  as  the  first 
agents  or  commissaries  to  Virginia  and  Maryland.  A commissary  was 
entitled  to  perform  all  of  the  functions  of  the  Episcopal  Church, 
with  the  exception  of  ordaining  priests.  There  were  many  other  com- 
missaries sent  out  to  the  colonies  during  the  eighteenth  century, 

5 

but  they  were  not  as  successful  and  as  worthy  as  these  first  two. 

During  the  seventeenth  and  earlj'"  part  of  the  eighteenth  cent- 
uries, the  Church  of  England  was  established  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  In  the  New  England  colonies,  with  the  exception  of  Rhode 
Island,  the  Congregational  Church  was  established  and  supported  by 
the  colonial  governments,  and  Episcopacy  made  little  progress  during 
the  seventeenth  century,  although  there  was  established  an  Episcopal 
Church  in  Boston,  as  early  as  1866.  In  1730,  the  Congregational 
Church  was  still  the  established  Church  of  Connecticut  and  Massa- 
chusetts, but  the  Church  laws  were  less  severe  in  the  other  New 

England  colonies  and  a more  tolerant  attitude  was  assumed  everywhere 

6 

toward  the  Episcopalians,  Quakers  and  Baptists, 


4 

Flick,  Loyal ism  in  N.Y.  During  The  American  Revolution.  31 

5 

Pascoe,  Two  Hundred  Years  of  S.P.G. , 2 ff 
Channing,  History  of  U .S . . II,  431 
Greene,  Provincial  America.  4 
Cross,  Angl i can  Episcopate . 39-43 

6 

Channing,  History  p^U.S. , II,  436 
Greene,  Provincial  America.  63,  64,  91 

Andrews,  Colonial  Self  Government,  (American  Nation  Series,  V,  306) 


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3 


The  Church  of  England  was  not  legally  established  in  any  of 

the  northern  colonies,  with  the  exception  of  several  counties  in 

New  York.  The  Colonial  Assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  in  1393, 

which  established  the  Anglican  Church  in  four  counties,  although  eacl 

parish  was  required  to  have  church  services  on  Sunday.  Pennsylvania 

Was  a strong  Quaker  colony,  and  the  Church  of  England  was  never 

6 

strong  enough  to  secure  and  establishment.  The  dissenting  sects 

were  in  the  majority  in  the  middle  colonies,  and  for  this  reason  the 

Angliccua  Church  was  not  as  successful  as  in  some  of  the  other  colon- 
9 

ies . 

The  Church  of  England  was  more  firmly  established  in  Virginia 

10 

than  in  any  other  colony,  having  been  established  as  early  as  1619. 

In  Maryland,  through  the  efforts  of  Thomas  Bray,  an  act  was  passed  in 

1700,  which  superseded  the  earlier  acts  of  1692,  and  1696,  and  which 

provided  that  the  rules  and  customs  of  the  Established  Church  shoul- 

be  followed  in  every  place  of  Public  Worship.  This  act  met  with 

opposition  and  in  1702  a new'  act  was  passed  which  remained  in  force 

11 

until  the  Revolution.  In  1679,  there  were  only  four  clergymen  of 
the  Church  of  England,  outside  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and  only 
one  in  the  New  England  Colonies,  while  in  Virginia  there  were  forty 


7 

Tiffany,  History  of  Protestant  Episcopal  Church . 164-165 
Channing,  History  of  U.S. . II,  435,  436 
Cross,  Anglican  Episcopate . 7 

8 

Greene,  Provincial  America.  101 

9 

Ibid.  96 

10 

Hawks,  Contributions  to  Ecclesiastical  History.  I,  36 
Tiffany,  History  of  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  20,  21 
11 

Hawks,  Contributions  to  Ecclesiastical  History.  II,  97 
Greene,  Provincial"^ America.  97 


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5 


The  Established  Church  would  have  probably  gained  strength  much  more 
quickly,  had  it  not  been  for  the  fact  that  many  of  the  early  Mis- 
sionaries, sent  out  by  the  8.P.G.,  were  men  with  doubtful  characters 

and  they  helped  in  creating  a sentiment  of  opposition  toward  the 

16 

church,  by  their  unchristian  and  selfish  conduct.  Mr.  Henderson,  a 
clergyman  in  Maryland,  wrote  to  the  Bishop  of  London  in  i715,  in- 
forming him  that  a "great  part  of  the  clergy  are  very  loose  in  their 

lives  and  negligent  in  their  offices,  and  havine:  no  authority  to 

17 

restrain  them,  pursue  practices  without  control."  In  the  same  year 

he  writes"that  the  weakness  of  some  of  our  clergy,  the  negligence 

of  others,  and  the  ill  lives  of  many,  have  made  more  converts  to 

that  church"  (referring  to  the  Catholic)  "than  their  priests  could 
18 

have  done . " 

During  this  period  there  was  constant  dissension  between  the 

dissenting  parties  and  those  who  clung  to  the  Church  of  England. 

The  Anglicans  were  eager  to  establish  their  church  in  all  parts  of 

the  colonies,  and  Dissenters  were  not  content  to  sit  by  and  see  the 

church  they  so  disliked  usurp  their  place.  Politics  were  greatly 

19 

influenced  by  the  Church  parties. 

The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts 
was  established  in  America  by  means  of  a charter  granted  by  William 
III  in  1701.  Rev.  Thomas  Bray  ( 1656- 1730 ) was  instrumental  in  bring 
ing  about  this  establishment,  and  he  was  aided  by  the  English  bis- 


16 

The  James  Sprunt  Historical  Collections . IX,  pt.I,  p.l7 

17 

Perry,  Historical  Collections . IV,  79 

18 

Ibid,  83 
15 

Greene,  Provincial  America.  83,  90-91 


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6 


hops  and  other  churchmen.  The  object  of  this  society  was  to  pro- 
vide ministers  who  should  carry  on  the  work  of  the  Anglican  Church 
in  America.  It  was  primarily  intended  as  a missionary  agency,  and 

the  ministers  who  were  sent  out  and  received  their  salaries  from 

80 

this  organization,  were  called  missionaries.  A missionary,  before 

being  sent  abroad, was  instructed  ”to  recommend  brotherly  love  and 

Christian  charity  particularly  among  all  Protestant  Inhabitants," 

and  to  "inculate  submission  to  government  and  obedience  to  authority 

not  only  for  wrath  but  for  conscience  sake . To  exhort  their  people 

faithfully  and  cheerfully  ^ pay  tribute  to  whom  tribute  is  due  and 

to  take  special  care  to  give  no  offence  to  the  civil  Government  by 

intermeddling  in  affairs  not  relating  to  their  own  calling  or 
21 

function . " 

Dr.  T.B.  Chandler  in  a letter  to  the  S.P.G.  in  1766,  speaks 

of  the  work  which  these  missionaries  accomplished  in  spreading  the 

gospel,  and  in  securing  the  loyalty  of  the  colonists  to  their  Mother 
82 

Country.  The  English  had  discovered  that  devout  Christians  made 

loyal  subjects,  and  that  the  Church  of  England  was  one  of  the  best 

23 

agents  by  which  to  accomplish  this. 


20 

Root,  The  Relations  of  Pennsylvania  with  the  British  Government . 
229,  230 

Perry,  The  History  of  the  Ajnerican  Episcopal  Church . I,  196 
James  Sprunt  Historical  Publications . IX,  pt.I,  p.9 
Pascoe,  Two  Hundred  Years  of  S.P.G. . 2 ff 
21 

Perry,  Historical  Collections  II,  491,  492 
22 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut . 245 
23 

Philips,  The  Early  Ena:lish  Colonies . 57 


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7 

CHAPTER  II 
The  Anglican  Clergy 

There  are  conflicting  statements  as  to  the  numter  of  Anglican 
clergy,  who  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Patriots  in  the  American  Rev- 
olution, and  of  those  who  remained  loyal  to  the  Royalist  party. 
Charles  C.  Tiffany  in  his  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 

in  the  United  States  of  America,  says  that  at  the  beginning  of  the 

1 

struggle,  two-thirds  of  the  Anglican  clergy  were  Royalists,  while 

Charles  Edward  Brugler  estimates  that  seventy-five  percent  of  them 

remained  on  the  side  of  the  Patriots.  Brugler  attributes  the  reason 

for  the  disloyalty  to  the  fact  that  the  King  paid  no  attention  to 

the  various  entreaties  of  the  clergy  and  they  believed  that  he  no 

3 

longer  gave  to  them  the  attention  due  to  British  subjects. 

One  of  those  who  did  not  remain  loyal  to  the  King  was  Rev. 
Robert  Smith, of  South  Carolina,  who  was  very  influential  in  shaping 
the  opinions  and  attitude  of  the  people  in  that  colony.  He  tried  to 
bring  about  a conciliation  between  the  two  contesting  parties,  but 
when  he  found  that  this  was  impossible,  he  could  not  desert  the 
cause  for  liberty,  and  served  in  the  ranks  of  the  partiots.  His  in- 
fluence has  been  thought  to  have  been  an  explanation  for  the  fact 
that  in  the  north  not  one  in  ten  of  the  Anglican  clergy  opposed 

1 

Tiffany,  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 
States  of  America.  46 
3 

Brugler,  '’The  Influence  of  the  Clergy  in  the  Revolution. " Magazine 
of  History.  XXIII,  16,  17 


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& 


Great  Britain,  while  in  South  Carolina,  three-fourths  of  the  Clergy 
3 

were  patriots.  There  were  many  other  clergymen  who  staunchly  advo- 
cated independence  and  who  were  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  further 
4 

it. 

Rev.  Charles  Inglis,in  a letter,  October  31,  1776,  assures  the 
Society  that  its  members  and  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of  England, 
almost  without  exception  in  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Connecticut,  and 
other  New  England  colonies,  have  remained  loyal  subjects,  and  have 
tried,  to  the  best  of  their  ability,  to  oppose  the  srjirit  of  rebell- 
ion, and  although  they  were  not  successful  in  preventing  it  entirely, 

they  did  succeed  in  checking  it  to  some  degree,  and  prevented  many 

5 

from  becoming  patriots  who  would  have  otherwise  done  so.  Jonathan 

Boucher  of  Maryland,  in  a letter  to  William  Eden,  1776,  testifies 

3 

to  the  loyalty  of  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  Samuel 

Seabury  in  a letter  to  William  Tryon,  then  governor  of  New  York, 

1773,  says  that  the  olerg'y  are  teaching  "the  principle  of  Loyalty 

7 

and  Conscience  as  well  as  Interest.”  Reverend  Edward  Winslow,  of 
Massachusetts  expresses  his  loyalty  and  the  attitude  which  he  is 
taking,  in  a letter  to  the  Secretary  of  the  S.P.G.  1766.  He  says, 
”I>jiring  this  time  of  confusion  amongst  us  I have  endeavoured  to  urge 
upon  the  people  of  this  Mission  a special  regard  to  the  duties  of 


3 

Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Churcji  of  Engl  and.  316 
Tiffany,  Protestant  Eniscopar  Church  iii  *U.S. , 334 

4 

McCrady,  A History  of  South  Carolina  Under  the  Royal  Government . 
1719-17737  p.450 

5 

Eccesiastical  Records  of  New  York . VI,  4393 

6 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  336-343 
7 

New  Jersey  Archives . Serial  I,  Volume  38,  p.l58 


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9 


loyalty  to  His  Majesty,  and  deference  and  affection  to  the  supreme 
government  of  our  Mother  Country,  together  with  a becoming  confi- 
dence in  the  Wisdom  of  Justice  of  our  superiors  there,  to  alleviate 

or  remove  any  burdens  which  may  appear  to  be  beyond  our  strength  to 

b 

bear,  and  to  promote  the  prosperity  of  this  Continent." 

The  clergy  in  Pennsylvania,  and  those  in  the  colonies  south 
of  Pennsylvania,  were  not  as  ardent  loyalists  as  those  in  the  north- 
ern colonies.  In  general  we  might  say  that  the  Church  of  England 
in  the  South  was  more  firmly  established  than  in  the  North,  being 
Supported  by  the  most  influential  and  wealthy  men.  The  clergy  as 
a whole  were  not  as  dependent  for  their  support  upon  the  S.P.G.,  and 
they  felt  more  free  to  express  themselves  as  they  desired,  and  to 
sympathize  with  those  who  were  opposing  the  crown.  This,  however, 
was  not  equa-lly  true  of  all  of  the  colonies,  for  as  I have  above 
said  the  Church  in  Virginia  was  more  firmly  established  than  in  the 
other  colonies,  and  the  colony  of  South  Carolina  was  more  of  a mis- 
sion field,  for  its  clergy  were  largely  supported  by  the  S.P.G. 

9 

South  Carolina  was  the  first  colony  to  receive  aid  from  this  Society 

Many  of  the  clergy  served  as  active  partiots  during  the  war  both 

influencing  the  opinions  of  the  people  through  the  press  and  through 

10 

sermons , and  fighting  in  the  rank  and  file.  The  clergy  in  the  North 

11 

were  mostly  missionaries  and  received  their  salaries  from  the  S.P.G. 


8 

Perry,  Historical  Collections . Ill,  521 

9 

McCrady,  History  of  South  Carolina  Under  Proprietory  Government, 
1670-1'!' 19,  p. 4 17-4 19 
Channing,  History  of  the  U. S.  II,  429 

10 

Perry,  American  Episcopal  Church,  I,  Chapter  24 
Boucher,  A View,  XIXI-XIIX 

^^awkins,  FigTTdns  of  the  Church  of  England.  305,  303 
Boucher,  A View . XIIX 


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10 

12 

New  York  ha-3  heen  calied  the  "stronghold  of  loyalism." 

Many  of  the  early  missionaries  of  the  Church  of  England,  as  I 
have  said  before,  had  characters  which  were  not  becoming  to  minis- 
ters of  the  Gospel.  The  clergy,  however,  who  were  active  during 

13 

the  struggle  for  Independence,  were  men  of  courage  and  devotion. 

They  have  been  severely  criticized  for  their  loyalty  to  the  mother- 
country,  and  for  the  principles  which  they  set  forth,  but  it  is  un- 
just to  call  them  unpatriotic,  for  they  were  not.  They  firmly  be- 
lieved that  they  were  in  the  right  and  went  on  conscientously  per- 
forming the  duties  which  they  were  under  oath  to  perform.  They 
believed  that  In  ommitting  the  prayer  for  the  King,  which  was  a part 
of  the  Ritual  of  the  English  church,  they  were  violating  these  oaths 
Many  of  these  clergy  had  been  born  in  England,  and  besides  political 
and  religious  ties  which  bound  them  to  their  native  country,  there 
were  home  and  family  ties.  The  clergy  were  not  so  narrow  as  to 
think  that  the  British  government  had  been  wise  and  discreet  in  all 
of  the  negotiations  and  relations  with  her  colonies.  Many  realized 
that  the  colonial  plan  of  administration  was  not  a system  which  was 
without  flaws,  but  it  was  one  which  was  sadly  in  need  of  revision. 
They  did  attempt  to  check  the  rebellion,  and  though  they  wanted  re- 
form, it  was  a reformation  which  could  be  accomplished  without  the 
shedding  of  blood  and  needless  destruction.  These  men  must  have 
been  often  tempted  to  turn  against  their  convictions,  for  they  knew 
that  in  taking  a stand  against  the  Patriotic  cause,  they  were  expos- 
ing not  only  themselves,  but  their  helpless  wives  and  children  to 

12 

Flick,  Loyalism  in  New  York . 180  (also  see,  American  Archives  IV, 

4,  4359 

13 

Abbey  & Overton,  The  En^^iish  ^ 18th  Century.  32,  33 


’V..  V.. 


1 


i . 


'T/‘i  ' 'W-'^'^--'  .tl  •<  ■ 

1??'.  V‘ ' . '\  '^u.  r,jh  W. ; " 0\fh.U'4m^_  t»  ^ r?  feAi.Cjr O /414’\U-'t  o - :-3k-ww.- 

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j’  ' * ''^  " 9 'i 


'■,  • 1 - 


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r*''  i ‘ , .'V  ^:u  / '-,  i ^!5£S''  Li'  ^ '“  ■ 


11 


all  of  the  cruelties  and  sufferings  of  war.  Notwithstanding  all  of 
the  temptations  to  desert  the  cause  which  they  had  espoused,  even 
when  the  struggle  seemed  hopeless,  they  showed  a strength  and  cour- 
age which  has  seldom  been  equaled.  They  were  willing  to  give  up 
their  homes  and  loved  ones  rather  than  prove  disloyal  to  the  King. 
The  fact  that  a majority  of  the  congregations  sympathized  with  and 
remained  loyal  to  their  clergymen,  speaiis,  in  itself  for  the  esteem 

in  which  the  clergy  were  held  by  the  people  and  for  the  influence 

14 

which  the  Christian  characters  exerted  over  them. 

The  clergy  exerted  a great  amount  of  influence  over  their 
parishoners,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  their  preaching  and  writing 
that  so  many  took  the  side  of  the  crown.  Samuel  Seabury,  a clergy- 
man of  Westchester,  New  York, said,  ”I  must  observe  that  but  few  of 
my  congregation  are  engaged  in  rebellion.  The  New  England  rebels 
used  frequently  to  observe,  as  an  argument  against  me,  that  the 

nearer  they  cajne  to  West  Chester,  the  fewer  friends  they  found  to 

15 

American  liberty  - that  is, to  rebellion." 

Seabury  was  well  acquainted  with  the  leading  men  of  the  time, 
many  of  whom  were  members  of  the  Coloai^al  Assembly.  He  talked  with 
these  men  individually,  upon  the  political  situation,  and  he  was 


14 

Hawks , Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  America.  I , 

Tyler,  The  Party  of  the  Loyalists  in  the  American  Revolution  in 
the  American  Historical  Review  I , p"p  44  f f 
Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , I,  248, 
249;  336-340 

Perry .Hist orv  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  I,  449,458,437-468 
Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Seabury,  66 
Tiffany,  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  202 
Letter  of  Jonathan  Boucher,  Maryland  Historical  Magazine  IX,  234 

1 5 

Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England.  305 
(Also  in  Pascoe , Two  Hundred  Years  of  the  S .P .0. , 75 


- 


V^, 


fV'  - 


f j-;'^''*' . ■'•.  V.  ’*  "»•  ‘ %-  f.*  r*» 

- >;4'T  . ' , -^..■v  _!•,/:  i:;?lfc 

'^tvr^^<3t'^i6#^a  ;'ti  ' -*%“•  J»xr*  ;:  iSiJi-'ISjC 


t**  -*  *V{f*  , . . *‘  '*-'■•  ■*■”  - ^>j  “*•. 

. . *i  t aci e-  in«p.  - t'|ip i ‘A ^/.  • t<So||W«^  tf  cyij,  • is  b'tf^-tTL ^ i^i i*.  :b . • ...^ 

-'.iv'.  ‘i ,'  *’/*’■'  • > ' >'  ■ ■ . , "^  ' ■'’'*  ^'  ' ' u 

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12 


successful  in  influencing  the  Colonial  Assembly  not  to  accept  the 

13 

authority  of  the  Continental  Congress  as  legal.  He  believed  that 
the  extreme  measures  ivould  inevitably  result  in  "unbounded  licent- 
iousness in  manners  and  insecurity  to  private  property."  He  there- 
fore did  everything  that  was  in  his  power  to  prevent  his  people  from 
joining  the  ranks  of  the  patriots,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  Sea- 

bury's  attitude  that  New  York  remained  one  of  the  most  loyal  of  all 

18 

of  the  colonies. 

The  clergy  spent  most  of  the  time  teaching  their  people, as 

Rev.  Richard  Mansfield, of  Derby, says,  "the  duty  of  peaceablness  and 

quiet  subjection  to  the  King  and  to  the  parent  state."  Mr.  Ebenezer 

Thompson, of  Massachusetts , in  1733, expresses  the  satisfaction  which 

he  feels  in  the  knowledge  that  his  teaching  "that  we  should  always 

be  possessed  with  an  easy,  peaceable  disposition,  and  that  we  study 

to  be  quiet  and  mind  our  own  business,  and  as  much  as  lies  in  us  to 

live  peaceable  with  all  men,  and  pay  a ready  and  dutiful  obedience 

to  the  lawful  commands  of  our  superiors,"  have  not  been  unheeded, 

for  notwithstanding  "the  mur;nurs  and  disorders  that  have  lately 

prevailed  in  some  parts  of  this  Province, my  people  are  most 

19 

true  and  faithful  subjects."  Mr.  Caner,  of  Bostor.., later  in  1775  also 
testifies  to  the  loyalty  and  influence  of  the  Anglican  clergy.  He 
says  that  they  have"behaved  with  remarkable  prudence"  and  that  as 
their  people  have  for  the  most  part  remained  firm  and  steadfast  in 


15 

Perry,  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  I,  457,  458 

17 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Seaburv,  25 
19  ^ ' 

Ferry,  Historical  Collections  III,  523 

18 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Seabu ry , 2’’,  45 


*v»ct^ *»»r ■* 

4„  T'.f 

■■  ■ '■  PJ"'  ' - ■ ■ 


??,.  i . . ,i 


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.(  ?^--.**',v •■%.  %;  ” ' ' '**:•«  .>Ji« 

r''Mjifc^  • bef<>x  \ . :r--l f ^ w *' ’ ■;  ■ ” : 

^ ¥M  — — - 


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tl3  • -"t ^-i ^Ui-,-0;k  -i t W ; 


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■^-  • ■“■  C>]  “ l04*v;  / ■ 

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I A ;,  t-.n'  >i^  i<»*  1 k fit  » »S«I  *p«f«>tt  ft  'iff  Jc  i , < ■• .'  - k A,  i • '’* 


■1  ■■  ■ . . ■-  ..'.'ii.' '.'.4.-‘' 

■:t,.;;?/^j»  »Are».  fra-  -•!> 


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',  '1='  ' 'i  ' • ■ ■ »v,  ' , I ' • j ' '-'''  ■ 


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£»  . *.  ■•  .,-  ' .:  /’  ■'■>'-•  ....  Vv-  ^ ^ 


Vr  V'.wt  '■Ljiiw'lT.y 


13 


their  loyalty  and  attachment  to  government,  the  clergy  felt  them- 
selves supported  by  a conscious  satisfaction  that  their  labors  have 

20 

not  been  in  vain.  That  the  clergy  were  not  unsuccessful  is  shown 
from  the  fact  that  out  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  families  in  Connect- 
icut, one  hundred  and  ten  remained  loyal  to  the  British  government 

and  resisted  all  of  the  measures  which  were  passed  by  the  revolu- 

21 

tlonary  faction. 

That  not  a few  of  the  clergy  had  similar  ideas  as  to  the 

course  which  they  should  follow,  is  shown  through  a study  of  the  coj 

respondence  and  sermons  of  the  time.  It  was  generally  agreed  that 

each  should  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  his  office,  preach 

submission  to  authority  without  entering  into  political  disputes, 

and  to  secure  union  by  ” prayers  and  tears,  not  clubs.”  "Fortitude, 

22 

patience  and  perseverence"  were  recommended  to  all. 

That  the  clergy  earnestly  carried  out  this  program  is  shown 
in  a letter  from  Dr.  Charles  Inglis,  of  New  York,  to  Dr.  Hind,  Oct- 
ober 31,  1776,  in  which  he  says,  "The  clergy,  sunidst  this  scene  of 
tumult  and  disorder  went  on  steadily  with  their  duty;  in  their  ser- 
mons, confining  themselves  to  the  doctrines  of  the  Gospel,  without 
touching  on  politics;  using  their  influence  to  allay  our  hearts  and 


20 

Perry,  Historical  Collections . Ill,  579 
21 

Hawks,  Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  of  America  II, 
254 

Beardsley,  History,  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut  I,  308 

f*\  o ~ — • " — — ■ ~ 

Boucher,  A View . 580 

Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England.  242,  243,  315,  316 
(Letters  of  Rev.  E.  Dubblee  of  Stamford,  Rev.  Bella  Hubbard  of  New- 
haven,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Smith, Provost  of  College  at  Philadelphia) 
Perry,  Historical  CollectipnsIV,  128 

Beardsley,  History  of  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut  I,  300 
Charles  F.  Adams,  Three  Episodes . II,  640,  841 


b 


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• 'J.  A ! J ' ^ ' r ^ ' . _’  .^  • — ^ iL.^  kt  « 


/ ! 

/ 

V, 


Ur-i  Mr  :iO  •fty-? 

™ r " .’,  _ * * -f»T,  ■ r-^*'  ’ ,'_'  tf'"-  ..  . ■ ^ r»4^0'  r 

S f '■  • ^-•  ;-.iJfi':^v-::.t-  'T*.  .' | 

ry:-'_'  ' : ■'*  ■.:  ' ''.■";  ',v . ^ c-  'r 

* So'.-*'.'<?  If  ,j. 

[f-  'l<rs  ' ^.;'-  '■  ’’  t «HL  ’ ' *' 

. V «w,.‘ ' wf  ’ f " 


‘ 't 


Q-H  iZi 

fV: 


y^i 


tK^- 


' 

■1-''  ^■ 


.‘3td''»jl,  , .U'4-i!SfA 

■ ' ‘ - ■'  ^*  ' .,  . '*,  < ,*  I ■ c . J " . •'  **  ‘"  1 


.m 


I 


5r  ■ 


1 „.  t&3  L>'k-n 

: i'i-  '■  ' 

S5L*.>’ 


■-m 


XMjlM 


7 •*  ^ "’1K|MfV90Mft9C*^|CrT"^^  * j?*"?? j>* 

• y :'  . ¥ ! A '-  * / / f / , L „ 


14 

as 

cherish  a spirit  of  loyalty  among  their  people.  Another  testimony 
to  the  loyalty  of  the  clergy,  is  a letter  written  by  Mr.  Philip 
Reading,  of  Pennsylvania,  in  1775.  He  says  that  "many  are  the  re- 
buffs I sim  obliged  to  encounter  on  the  subject  of  the  present  com- 
motions, notwithstanding  which  I am  not  deterred  or  discouraged 
from  inculcating  the  principles  of  Loyalty  to  our  most  gracious  Sove- 
reign and  a due  submission  to  the  powers  of  Government  on  all  proper 
34 

occasions,"  There  were  some,  however,  who  took  an  attitude  which  was 

virtually  radical,  that  is,  who  went  to  the  extreme  in  urging  the 

people  to  accept  the  doctrines  of  the  Anglican  Church,  and  who  were 

reprimanded  by  Anglican  officials  and  cautioned  to  be  leas  extreme 
35 

in  their  views. 

A large  number  of  the  clergy  rather  than  submit  to  the  order 
to  eliminate  from  the  Liturgy,  prayers  for  the  King  and  the  Royal 
family,  preferred  to  close  their  churches.  They  staunchly  believed 
that  no  authority  had  the  power  to  release  them  from  the  oaths  taken 
at  ordination.  Many  were  forced  to  leave  their  congregations,  be- 
cause of  the  perilous  situation  created  as  a result  of  their  refusal 
to  conform  to  the  measures  of  Congress.  Nevertheless ^many  remained 

near  their  people  until  they  were  forced  to  flee  to  save  their  lives 

36 

or  died  from  the  severe  treatment  which  they  received.  Mr.  Samuel 


33 

Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England.  339,  330,  153,  154,  317 
Beardsley,  History  of  the  EpTscopal  Church  in  America.  343 

34  ^ 

Perry,  Historical  Collections  II,  469 

35 

Greene,  " Anglican  Outlook  on  the  Arne rican  Colonies?  American  Hist- 
orical Review  XX,  74,  75 

36 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Seabury , 45-47 
Beardsley,  Hist ory  of  the  Episcopal  Chur ch  in  Connecticut  I,  331  ff 


A., I 


. ' ’ ,■ ' . ,j?i 

r l ai 

K V ' ^‘■'  . *■’*'  ,.  ' -■  ♦ < ‘"r  ..n^i 

■Ww-  t i;,iS^u  ^ t’^--;.  v--^n*  ii-.*  :4;>.  i*v 


iO  IIV 


|i»  L.-' 


r|-  -E.- 


•m-  :«r--C'  ^C-f»-M  ^ 


|>.  "\„-  ■'  > ' ■'■  , "<T-i  ' ' 'W  ,''  ' ^ 


|»’'*4'?:^^!£'**i- h.»i 


»,t'al^«f|'t.ti»t]pA;,i(>^  fwj!'  .j^.»v4»'#_iifl;9,  j'-'^  0 


■>^'  '■  '*-  ■ i » :«£:' 


• ! Vtl 


fi.^t 


■i,'fv  ■'’.  .,1  ‘^j'lL.,  ' ' . ' ?^’ ‘^  .i*''K<'A)(ia i w'  bi,  5*'  -‘ v> ' •!  "^i-^iirv'i-’* /v«  ' 

4?r;%  ^ 

^,;  • tiOT.  * X*’ . ti-  ^i,-  * A 

'■■  • 'V  ■■• h'^  'i-  .1*-  ' ’ L.',- , *^i.-.,s?«  'S  ;2®iE-. 

*».  ...  ‘«A«. 
' ' W 'ii-si 


IS-V’ 


,.m 


.“'i. 


'■  ,^L.-  ■'  i3  •-  ' 

,-^  ‘ '•'  ’ 'i'.Vs',  , 

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rf.t  --^ 


yr'is 


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15 


Tingley,  of  Delevfare,  in  a letter  dated  1783,  tells  how  he  avoided 
using  the  obnoxious  phrases  in  the  Ritual  and  in  the  Litany,  and 
yet  read  them  so  as  to  carry  the  meaning  which  he  intended  to  convey 
Instead  of  praying  "0  Lord,  Save  the  King,"  he  said,  "0  Lord,  save 
those  whom  thou  hast  made  it  our  especial  Duty  to  pray  for."  In 
the  Litany,  instead  of  reading  "Thy  Servant,  George,  our  most  Graci- 
ous King  and  Governor,"  he  substituted  the  words,  "those  whom  Thou 
has  set  in  authority  over  us,  and  grant  that  under  their  administra- 
tion, we  may  lead  quiet  and  peaceable  lives,  in  all  godliness  and 
37 

honesty. " 

The  clergy  were  not  content  with  merely  preaching  and  talking, 

but  they  met  in  groups  in  various  parts  of  the  country  to  discuss 

the  critical  state  of  affairs,  and  to  take  steps  which  would  insure 

cooperation.  In  1765,  when  the  people  were  aroused  by  the  enactment 

of  the  stamp  act,  a group  of  clergy  assembled  in  Connecticut,  and 

agreed  that  they,  together  with  their  people,  "would  steadfastly 

behave  themselves  as  true  and  faithful  subjects"  and  as  "obedient 

3b 

sons  of  the  Church  of  England." 

Mr.  Seabury  was  one  of  a group  which  gathered  at  White  Plains, 
New  York,  April  1775,  and  his  name  is  signed  to  the  protest  which 
was  drawn  up  at  that  time  against  "all  unlawful  Congresses  and 
committees."  They  further  declared  that  "we  are  determined,  at  the 
hazard  of  our  lives  and  properties,  to  support  the  King  and  the 
Constitution."  This  meeting  created  such  a disturbance,  and  its 
influence  was  so  dangerous  to  the  revolutionary  measures,  that  it 

37 

Perry,  Historical  Collections  IV,  13a,  135 
3S 

Perry,  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  I,  301,  303 


,-w  • i A t 

■!W;  ■ ■ 


y'r.i*'  ; 


i.  -* 


■V  ■'  ■'■  'MV*-  ’ • ' i"  *■  ” ' ’'  * * ' - *■  -.V  **’i  V * 

Y ■'  . ■'  ii’:.  " 


-ri'ViV 


K rt  ■'•  v,  o ot/'  'ti  a 

r'  '■'"  :'■  .'i  H 


r 


L-  ^ 


t. 


, .: 'ia 

f;r4''’iw,  '.* ';?>a  '1 t ' r ''  Efc-i'iiiii' 


kiiiiirt  6f]d64  * ; ' ; .v .j c/'^-  ■ 

■'$:  ' ' v '■ 


:’^  '*i'0 


^rx 


j''-' -t  ^ i r :?  .’ii .r  t i 


■;  n\0Kt ' -t  .■  'j ‘i  ^ ■*'"  ■ 


r ■ • •••>•-■  1‘-'  '’‘'^vi  • •■  V . *. 


Li.  ■ '^t  V#f«  -i  >f ' ■'. : J-  ■.'t  <?5 


t?,r  .’'  »1.15tlK ' !)'■ ' ;s  ./c,?  'f  -t5»if . ' 1^,  3!^', 


•?4 


;n 


frr>e  arfi 


||||r  <'■■■  ^ ^ ^’’  t."  C'*v"'(  '•  ' ' ■ ' ' ■' Ji-  ■■  C.Vi.i  V-  ' 

r:<  <:■  ■ "r-r.' ■.  .-< , <'■.  ■■:  " > . ■,-^.  -1  < '‘^^B 


?:X' 

IL 


Ri}J  L iiil ->•“’/ ‘ A:: 

; 2.,,  ■ '•  . ..  ' ■ ' ...  ' •'S  "■''■ 


i 1 • ’ j ; ■/  ti . 4.fi fi/tV  :■:: ti  J & 1 jb  ^ ' .:i 5^*fl  >!?»  t ^ 5} 'Im  . ^;n,i  f ^lixt  v '; . 

r- .-M'  ^ ■.,*  \ .'  ■^■*  ' ■'  ' •'?i-i 


•#  ■- 


til.  . k's*  ‘■|..'i^^<.'.-  .,^'i»fe!af  ttifcWJiaiA  Ai-'  .tB 


-51...  >3 


>T.H»M-»tr.t:.:^/jnr';'-'»4".  <a?.v  i»'-.'-*J»‘’*‘iW3y>r^K>g' 

■ .;i'Je5.’.;..<'  ••  ■ ..•■  ‘v 


16 

39 

became  necessary  to  send  out  an  armed  force  to  quiet  the  people. 

As  soon  as  the  measures,  passed  by  the  Continental  Congress, 
were  printed,  the  clergy  endeavored  either  from  the  pulpit,  or  in 
newspaper  articles  or  in  conversation,  to  refute  any  arguments  which 
they  might  have  put  forth,  and  to  influence  the  people  not  to  sanc- 
tion any  acts  which  might  weaken  the  power  of  the  Church  of  England 
and  of  the  British  government.  Seabury,  together  with  Dr.  T.B. 
Chandler,  of  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  and  Dr.  Inglis,  pastor  of  the 
Trinity  Church,  New  York,  agreed  to  "watch  all  publications,  either 

in  newspapers  or  pamphlets,  and  so  to  obviate  the  evil  influence  of 

30 

such  as  appear  to  have  a bad  tendency,  by  the  speediest  answers." 

These  three  were  not  the  only  ones  who  watched  the  newspapers  for 

any  bit  of  information  which  might  aid  or  hinder  the  cause  in  which 

they  were  interested.  Ebenezer  Hazard,  in  a letter  dated  February 

35,  1775  says,  "I  have  lately  got  scent  of  a club  of  Tories  that 

meets  at  R( ivington ’ s ) every  Wednesday  and  Saturday  evening.  They 

examine  the  newspapers,  and  direct  him" C refer ring  to  Dr.  Cooper) 

"what  paragraphs  to  reprint.  The  club  consists  chiefly  of  Dr.  Coope 

31 

and  some  officers,  but  is  not  fairly  formed  yet." 

Mr.  Seabury  wrote  under  the  assumed  name  of  a "Westchester 
Farmer."  His  object,  he  said,  was  "to  point  out,  in  a way  accomo- 
dated to  the  comprehension  of  the  farmers  and  landowners,  the  des- 
tructive influence  which  the  measures  of  the  Congress,  if  acted  upon 
39 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Seabury . 37 
Perry,  History  oY  the  Episcopal  Church  of  America.  457 

30 

Quotations  from  Seabury  M.S.S.  quoted  in  Shea's  Hamilton.  394,  396 
Perry,  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  I,  450  ff 
Beardsley,  Life  and  Corresponde nee  of  Seaburyj  30,  56 

31 

New  York  Historical  Society  Collections  XXIII,  p.541 


^ ' ■ '■  ' t.  ' 

,_:v  - ’■  ' '»  ' '■'"  ■ 

:♦  . ■ . . w ,1  “ ' ‘' 


5 " 4 


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■ i-  * /.  ' 


i.'  ® it  ♦'*  i- »- 


l^■"^^JV"»Y5'^  sf*.  • ! flf 


i ‘ 'v-nife  a Jt"  i fi’ t*  ^.^-i  f ^ ft  ' -- 


< ».'4' 


i iy- ''  L -_ 

.-t  • i^.  . 


VJ 


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«L;^ 


60  j ; t JUl  6^^  7*<|  tai  ■ ^ ^ W <? ^-' 

■ ■ ' 'imi 


tjr 

“ 


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^ ^ - 10  "I  i*  ■"  -^-i!  - C • 

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yi-i, 


ir^ 

C . 


'1*,  ^imi  MiU^»M3.  «'.»iSa  '^:  V ' *^1222^^*^ 

.:^a  '(ti  '-.i::.L'  'i.  '»  1 ti!.  •■.>  ■ i> ‘iVsaiBr'"' fc  £*ft-W  ♦ i.'Y « :■  fel 


■ .,  .tftj'  >■  W'  t»l»,Jl i’j%3u-^;i^->€S'a'  ^’k*» 

,•  ■ ■ , -Y.  ••  \%  '.«  .:,  . ^ _,^' , 


'fii'.’tif*  .M  s'At'vr'  «94<«' 

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T .-■■■'  ' ’' - A ^ ' ■»'  ’S-;  ‘ ,''4»JRM&- 


,kY'>»* 


fc  "nry^rta  j gt«As.  vc.'  a ^ttS’eT*  y.  ^ Ylt^'5f}*3'  t>v^«  'Tts—'liailj  IF^ 

..1^.  !■■  ii  A.  r M-ilW.-^ArYP  f A ' ^ S > 


„ %’:  A _ • ':  y •^.  ,.  • '■;.  4*#'  'p  ua 


17 

32 

would  have  on  them  and  the  laboring  part  of  the  comir.uni  ty . " 

Er . Inglis  answered  a pamphlet  entitled  Common  Sense , which 

had  for  its  theme  the  advocation  of  an  independent  republic.  The 

first  edition  of  Dr.  Inglis'  answer  was  destroyed,  but, nevertheless 

another  edition  was  printed.  This  cublication  caused  a great  dis- 

33 

turbance,  and  Dr.  Inglis  was  in  danger  of  losing  his  life. 

We  see  then, that  the  clergy's  attitude  toward  the  Revolution 
did  have  a great  influence  upon  the  people  at  that  time  and  as  Dr. 
Learning  said,  "I  have  the  satisfaction  to  assure  the  Society,  that 
Missionaries  being  placed  in  this  colony,  is  not  only  very  service- 
able iii  a religious,  but  in  a civil  sense."  He  pointed  out  that  in 
the  northeast  of  the  colony,  where  the  Church  of  England  was  not 
well  established,  there  were  numerous  outbreaks  as  a result  of  the 

passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  but  in  the  towns  where  the  Church  was 

34 

strong,  the  people  were  submissive  to  civil  authority. 

There  were  many  and  various  kinds  of  charges  which  were  brought 

against  the  clergy  during  the  Revolution.  Seabury^ in  a letter  to 

the  S.P.G.,  1775,  said  that  the  clergy  were  charged  with  plotting 

with  the  Society  and  the  British  Ministry,  to  launch  a plan  for  the 

enslavement  of  America.  He  did  not  believe,  however,  that  the 

people  who  originated  this  slander,  sincerely  thought  it  to  be  truth 

ful,  but  that  they  were  simply  employing  this  as  one  more  means  to 

35 

place  the  Church  in  disfavor  with  the  people.  Others,  among  whom 


32 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury . 30 

33 

Ibid.  56 

34 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut  I,  249 

35 

ibid,  I,  302 


* '•  ' ;?<•  ''  ■ ".-s 


r'^; %tl . ikt  ■ *■‘^A4 itfri^. 

I..  .r  - ^ f'.'. ,.  , . ‘ > ■■^•V*  ’ •^,  . „■  ‘ iP 

■,»^vj^; ■'>«!» iti* 

t wife,. ' .,  ^ k «i^ 

'll’  «.  _ . • . ' , ^ i *tA  ^i»  1 


’.iV 


16 

wi^e  Br . Myles  Cooper  aiid  Dr.  T.B.  Chandler,  were  accused  of  forging 

prominent  names,  such  as  General  Washington,  to  letters,  which  were 

intended  to  arouse  the  Europeans,  and  to  give  them  a false  irnpres- 

36 

Sion  of  affaire  in  America. 

It  Was  declared  after  Jonathan  Boucher  had  preached  in  Queen 

Anne’s  Chapel,  Annapolis,  his  sermons  on" Ahsolam”  and  "Ahitophel," 

(which  are  supposed  to  have  referred  to  Washington  and  Franklin)  that 

37 

he  Was  maJcing  his  pulpit  the  vehicle  of  private  slander. 

Mr.  Sea’oury  was  charged  with  signing  the  protest  at  White 
Plains,  in  the  county  of  Westchester,  against  the  proceedings  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  with  neglecting  to  open  his  church  on  the 
day  which  was  set  apart  for  fasting,  and  with  having  written  pamph- 
lets and  newspaper  articles  against  a Revolutionary  government. 

When  the  British  army  entered  Westchester  county,  Seabury  was  able 

to  give  them  much  valuable  information  concerning  the  roads  and 

36 

rivers  of  the  neighboring  county. 

Rev.  Thomas  Allen, of  Pittsfield,  Massachusetts,  endeavored  in 
a sermon  to  bias  the  minds  of  the  members  of  his  congregations  re- 
garding the  Constitution  of  that  colony,  which  was  created  on  the 
advice  and  recommendation  of  the  Continental  Congress,  saying  that 
it  was  "oppressive,  defective,  and  rotten  to  the  very  core,"  and 
that  the  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  were  only  "design- 
ing men, "who  cared  little  about  any  one  excepting  themselves.  The 
people  having  been  accustomed  to  accept  all  that  their  clergymen 

36 

New  York  Historical  Society  Collections  XX,  75  (Deane  Papers) 

37 

Boucher,  A View . 435 
36 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury . 36  ff 


19 

uttered  as  truth,  were  greatly  excited  over  this  sermon,  and  they 

took  immediate  action,  depriving  of  authority  as  many  of  the  local 

39 

officials  of  the  county  as  was  possible. 

Rev,  John  Sayre, of  Fairfield,  Connecticut,  was  declared  to  be 
an  enemy  to  the  country  ”for  refusing  to  sign  an  association,  pledg- 
ing its  members  to  oppose  the  King  with  life  and  fortune,  and  to 
withdraw  all  offices  of  even  justice,  humanity,  and  charity,  from 

every  recusant."  He  was  placed  in  confinement  and  everyone  was  for- 

40 

bidden  to  hold  comimni  cat  ions  with  him.  Rev.  John  Agnew,  of  Nanse- 

mond  county,  Virginia,  when  informed  that  it  was  disagreeable  to 

his  congregation  to  hear  the  Association  insulted  and  ridiculed  in 

his  sermons  replied,  "If  you  do  not  like  such  sermons,  you  can  leave 

your  seat."  He  further  declared  that  the  Continental  Congress,  in 

resisting  King  and  Parliament,  was  rebellious,  and  that  the  Congress 

intended  not  only  to  ruin  the  people  and  in  the  end  forsake  them, 

but  to  lay  upon  them  all  of  the  blame,  and  in  this  manner  make  them 

slaves.  Agnew  was  as  a result,  charged  with  "propagating  false  and 

erroneous  principles"  and  attempting  to  organise  a party  which  would 

41 

oppose  the  common  cause. 

Wr.  Jeremiah  Learning,  a missionary  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut, 
was  summoned  before  a patriotic  committee  to  answer  to  a charge  of 
having  baptized  a child  on  March  10,  1776, at  Norwalk.  The  child  was 
baptized  with  the  "opprobrious"  name  of  Thomas  Gage.  The  committee 
believed  that  this  was  simply  a religious  manoeuvre  and  the  people 

39 

American  Archives . fourth  series,  V,  1275-1276 

40 

Hawkins,  Missionaries  of  the  Church  of  England.  312 

41 

American  Archives . fourth  series  II,  226-22b 


:f 


n amBCTi>  ^wpciB  ■ - ■ JB 

r.?  .,■■.■■•'  .1  "•  •'  ■ ■• 

\iimtfii  f.:-:vi,fieiU  .tJ’if  1}*  .^jj 


flHH 


■W 


"7^ 

i 


. < 


Mgr  ''Tr^fjlg  , -«-•  « _■■  - 11.; 


1^#*  V /-.■ 


,fe^;-i  f«aO'..  .*-»  '.'/fall:  *•  i 

•■•  i .:wm  ^ 


^'jlf ; ' , ;(T  4^,  lifti':  , vV  " 

.'  ' y ■ • ' ^'  - i • ' ' '''jd  I 


20 


looked  upon  it  as  a "designed  insult  and  ridicule  upon  the  cause  of 

liberty."  Even  after  Lsaming  assured  the  committed  that  he  had  no 

such  intention  and  merely  baptized  the  child  without  giving  any 

significence  to  the  name,  the  committee  could  not  be  convinced  that 

42 

he  was  innocent. 

At  a meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence,  Inspection, 

and  Safety,  of  the  Town  of  Pownalborough,  1773,  it  was  resolved 

that  Rev.  Jacob  Bailey,  in  refusing  to  read  the  proclamations  issued 

by  the  Continental  Congress,  especially  that  of  the  Declaration  of 

Independence,  had  revealed  his  contempt  for  the  Congress  and  denied 

its  authority.  He  was  therefore  declared  to  be  a "dangerous  enemy 

43 

to  the  rights  and  liberties  of  these  United  States."  Samuel  Peters, 

of  Hebron,  Connecticut,  was  one  of  the  most  unpopular  of  the  clergy. 

He  was  accused  of  having  written  improper  articles  for  newspapers, 

44 

and  for  representing  affairs  falsely  to  his  friends  in  England. 

There  were  many  similar  charges  brought  against  the  clergy  during 

45 

this  critical  period. 

The  general  attitude  of  the  Dissenters  toward  the  Anglican 
clergy,  during  this  period  of  the  Revolution,  was  one  of  suspicion 
and  hatred.  The  clergy  had  been,  as  I have  said,  faithful  followers 
of  the  King,  and  the  Dissenters  never  doubted  for  a moment  out  that 


42 

American  Archives . fourth  series,  V,  405-403 

43 

Ibid,  fifth  series.  III,  733-735 

44 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , I,  306 

45 

For  other  cases  see: 

American  Archives . fourth  series,  III,  16 
Ibid , fifth  series,  III,  96 
Ibi^,  fourth  series,  I,  711,  712 
fi'ld,  fourth  series,  VI,  712 

(Salender  of  Virginia  State  Papers . II,  305,  332,  561 


mmd 


is.  J®. 


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i-t  •• 


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w 


• H ^ : V-. 


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O'O 


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^5 


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ai 


they  v;ould  continue  steadfast  in  their  allegiance.  This  hatred  did 
not  spring  up  all  at  once,  because  of  the  approach  of  the  Revolution 
but  it  began  many  years  before,  and  only  became  more  intense  as  the 
struggle  for  independence  caused  political  parties  to  become  more 
sharply  defined.  Mr.  Weeks, in  his  Church  and  State  in  North  Carol- 
ina. shows  that  the  Cary  Rebellion  (l?07)  was  a protest  of  the  nume]e 
ous  Dissenters  of  North  Carolina  "against  the  arrogance,  pride  and 
attempted  oppression  of  the  churchmen."  They  were  not  in  sympathy 

with  the  Church  of  England  and  they  opposed  its  clergymen  on  every 

46 

occasion  that  was  possible.  In  those  colonies  where  the  Anglican 

system  was  established,  the  Dissenters  were  indignant  to  think  that 

they  were  required  to  support  the  clergy  of  a church,  which  they  did 

not  sanction.  In  Virginia  a petition  was  sent  from  the  Dissenters 

to  the  delegates  and  representatives  at  Williamsburg,  which  contain- 

47 

ed  their  objections  to  supporting  the  Anglican  clergy.  The  dissent- 
ing sects  did  not  always  wait  to  make  sure  that  a clergyman  was 

guilty  of  supposed  wrong  doing,  but  threatened  them  upon  the  slight- 
46 

est  suspicion.  Insults,  such  as  "Tory "and"Traitor, " and  threats  cf 

various  types  were  constantly  flung  at  them  as  they  past^ed  down  the 
49 

streets.  A clergyman  was  often  forced  to  stop  in  the  middle  of  his 
sermon,  by  Dissenters  filling  the  church  and  pulling  him  from  his 
reading  desk,  or  threatening  him  with  violent  punishment  if  he  did 


46 

Weeks,  Church  and  State  in  North  Carolina,  in  John  Hopkins  Univers- 
ity Studies . X,  53 

47 

Virginia  Magaz 1 ne  of  History  and  Biography  XVIII,  S56 

48 

Letter  of  Mr.  Barton  in  Pascoe,  Two  Hundred  Years  of  £.P.G. , 39 

49 

Letter  of  Inglis,  Ecclesiastical  Records  of  New  York , Vi,  4296 


•■;. -.fw  .:  ."■,  ■,  , ,,  -:  ■•  ■ ■■' „ ■ ? '^:y:  ,.^  ' ' 


■d 


*!;x? 


' '■  ’ ■ ' '"aif^t 


I v; 
S 

>y 


Sfi'"-.-';  ' :■  ' a -Stfrl  • " ■■■V.’i,  ;-:V'?:f  ,;a.  .:  ■ ^'^ 


V-  ■'.  »'  ■’/,.  •'!»'  '5»  ..MT  a---  ..IIEdHfaa  ■ J^-';*-- 


ifr 


-'  <V, ::^im ■ y A4.^:a*ia'  ‘ • ' ' -■ 


22 

50 

not  cease  at  once.  The  Dissenters  were  disturbed  over  the  fact 

that  the  Anglican  clergy  stood  a much  better  chance  of  obtaining 

important  political  positions  because  of  their  relationship  with 

the  Bishop  of  London,  who  was  a friend  of  the  King,  and  because 

they  were  certain  to  do  all  that  was  in  their  power  to  strengthen 

51 

the  Church  of  England  in  America.  It  made  little  difference,  how 

discreetly  a clergyman  conducted  himself,  for  the  patriots  seemed 

to  think  "that  those  who  were  not  for  them  were  against  them,"  and 

52 

that  they  were  to  be  treated  accordingly.  This  attitude  toward 

the  Anglican  clergy  was  not  altered  by  the  Treaty  of  Peace,  as  is 

shown  in  a letter  from  Rev.  Learning  to  Bishop  White  in  1787.  He 

says  that  the  Infidels  and  Dissenters,  even  though  they  disagree 

among  themselves,  have  all  united  to  secure  the  destruction  of  the 

53 

Church  of  England. 


50 

Letter  of  Inglis,  Ecclesiastical  Recorjd^s  o^f  N^w  York,  Vi,  4293 
(This  letter  is  varilable  for  the  Vtate  of  the  clergy  in 
general ) 

51 

Van  Tyne,  Influence  of  the  Clergy  and  of  Religious  and  Sectarian 
Forces  In  the  American  Revolution^  in  American  Historical 
Review . XIX,  46 

52 

Ecclesiastical  Records  of  New  York,  VI,  4293 

53 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury , 303,  307 

For  further  references  concerning  the  people's  attitude  see.  Letter 
of  Dr.  Chandler,  1766,  Hawks,  Contributions  to  Ecclesiastical 
History  of  America.  II,  250 

American  Archives . fourth  series,  II,  350 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  i_n  Connecticut , I,  243- 
244 


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23 


CHAPTER  III 

The  Struggle  for  an  Episcopate 

The  struggle  for  the  establishment  of  an  Episcopate  in  the 
colonies  was  without  doubt  one  of  the  chief  causes  for  discord. 

The  Dissenters  had  brought  with  them  to  America,  a feeling  of  bitte; 
hatred  toward  anything  which  related  to  the  Anglican  Church  and 
accordingly  when  an  attempt  was  made  to  establish  resident  bishops 
of  that  church,  the  people  were  aroused  to  action.  They  became 
more  antagonistic  to  the  Britsh  government  with  every  renewed  ef- 
fort to  establish  an  Episcopate,  for  they  feared  that  this  was  only 

a devise  of  the  British  Ministry  to  further  subject  the  colonies  to 
1 

its  control.  Dr.  Cross  shows  that  the  attempt  at  this  time  of  the 

Anglicans,  led  by  the  clergy,  "was  at  least  one  of  the  causes  tend- 

2 

ing  to  accentuate  that  growing  alienation.” 

It  is  natural  to  suppose  that  the  clergy  would  take  an  active 
part  in  urging  the  establishment  of  resident  bishops.  Many  sermons 
were  preached  on  the  subject  of  the  Anglican  Episcopate  and  each 
sermon  brought  forth  fresh  outbursts  of  apposition.  Jonathan 
Boucber, in  his  volume  entitled  The  View  and  Consequences  of  the 
American  Revolution,  sets  forth  his  views  concerning  such  as  estab- 
lishment. He  thinks  that  it  is  mere  foolishness  to  entertain  the 
fear  "that  the  arrival  of  bishops  may  kindle  such  a flame  as  may 

1 

Cross,  The  Anglican  Episcopate  and  the  American  Colonies,  270- 
271 

^Ibld.  157 


.,  i .. ./".'•v  ■ ■'  *'  ’•  ,•  ' «•  ■ '..^ 

,S,!V.<iv.;f>At-‘r^  " ■'■-  S'Tt''V<t^V*.'i(5E 

'‘^ ' • 'ki' 


"‘•n,  - 


f" ' - /*■ 

. titSf  : V/'.#..-i  . . 4 *>t  "t 

•V-  - 


gy^.v.;'  ^ , ,:;  ,;,^  ‘ . ' . , 

•f  ^ .:Uic 


; It  '•^4*iyO  'J’r-f<5v.  • 

i ft 

.•'>"■■!■'  ' ' ' ' ■.,'!  ^ ' ■ ''  ’*' 


^¥/'- 


^ ^ iLl  •■'.  ,?C  .•_W  ' s ..^M-  '7*  > .•«  ^ ¥<■  ^ . '» ^ . 


34 

3 

possibly  put  a period  to  the  British  empire  in  America."  Why 
should  it  excite  the  Americans  when  he  (the  bishop)  would  only  be 
concerned  with  the  Anglican  clergy.  He  would  not  be  "clogged  with 
civil  power,"  but  would  have  jurisdiction  only  over  the  clergy  of 
the  one  church.  Boucher  challenges  any  one  to  show  him  a church 
government  which  is  so  moderate.  He  pleas  for  such  an  establish- 
ment on  the  grounds  that  the  number  of  candidates  for  orders  would 
be  greatly  increased  when  they  would  no  longer  find  it  necessary  to 
cross  the  ocean  to  be  ordained,  that  morality  and  sound  religion 
would  be  established,  and  that  the  Episcopate  should  not  be  denied 

them  for  the  simple  fact  that  it  was  a part  of  the  church  organiza- 
4 

tion.  There  has  been  a tendency  to  stress  the  idea  that  the  clergy 
wanted  the  Episcopate  for  civil  reasons  only.  There  is  reason  to 
believe  that  they  were  prompted  by  spiritual  motives  as  well,  and 
it  is  unfortunate  that  a political  strife  resulted. 

A committee  of  clergy  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  among 
whom  were  Drs , Anchmunty,  Chandler,  and  Inglis,  presented  an  address 
to  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough,  concerning  the  deplorable  state  of  the 
church  in  those  parts  because  of  the  absence  of  bishops.  They  argu- 
ed that  without  bishops  the  people  would  naturally  drift  to  an  in- 
dependency in  religion,  and  if  this  were  permitted,  a republicanism 
would  be  stimulated.  Independency  in  religion  and  republicanism 
were  to  these  devout  clergymen,  two  of  the  greatest  evils  that 
existed.  Without  bishops  the  dissenting  sects  would  increase  to 

3 

Boucher,  A View  etc.  143 

4 

Ibid,  S9-153 


35 


such  an  alarming  state  that  the  Church  of  England  would  be  in  time 

5 

forced  out  of  existence. 

The  opposition  to  the  introduction  of  an  Episcopate  called 
forth  expressions  of  dissaproval  and  resulted  in  several  controvers- 
ies waged  in  newspapers  and  pamphlets,  which  took  place  on  the  eve 
of  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  Two  of  the  best  known  were  the 
Mayhew  controversy  (1760-1770)  and  the  Chandler- Chauncey  controversy; 
(1767-1771).  Jonathan  Mayhew,  a congregational  minister  in  Boston, 
tried  to  prox^e  that  the  S.P.G.  had  long  had  as  its  object  the  ex- 
termination of  Presbyterianism,  and  intended  to  establish  in  its 
place,  an  Episcopate.  His  attack  stirred  up  the  Anglicans  and  his 
arguments  were  refuted  by  several  of  the  Church,  among  whom  were  Re\ 
Arthur  Browne,  of  Portsmouth, and  Rev.  East  Apthorp,  a missionary  at 
CauLcridge,  and  Archbishop  Seeker.  A pamphlet  war  was  waged  between 
Dr.  Charles  Chauncey,  a well-known  Boston  clergyman, who  strongly 
opposed  the  Episcopate,  and  Dr.  Thomas  Bradbury  Chandler,  of  Eliza- 
bethtown, New  Jersey.  These  controversies  only  heightened  and  in- 
tensified the  feeling  of  distrust  and  suspicion  of  the  Anglican 

clergy,  strengthened  to  ooposition  against  them,  and  outlined  more 

6 

clearly  political  or  party  lines.  The  people  were  more  susceptible 
to  strong  opposition  at  this  time  when  Great  Britain  seemed  to  be 
encroaching  on  the  political  rights  of  the  colonists,  and  they  were 
more  suspicious  of  any  action  taken  by  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of 
England,  because  of  the  close  relation  which  they  bore  to  the  Brit- 
ish government.  The  people  were  becoming  more  democratic,  and  they 

5 

New  Jersey  Archi ye^s^  X,  313 

6 

Cross,  The  Anglican  Episcopate . 139-195 


So 

were  loathe  to  give  up  any  power  which  might  fall  to  the  clergy, 
and  of  courae,they  felt  that  power  gained  by  the  clergy,  was  also 

7 

the  same  as  in  the  hands  of  the  King. 

The  Anglican  clergy  were  not  unanimous , however , in  urging  the 
introduction  of  an  Establishment  at  this  time.  A meeting  was  held 
June#1771,at  William  and  Mary’s  College  in  Virginia, to  discuss  the 
subject  of  an  Episcopate . Two  of  the  leading  clergymen  in  Virginia, 
Rev.  Samuel  Henly  and  Rev.  Thomas  Gwatkin,  and  professors  in  Wil- 
liam and  Mary’s  College,  opposed  the  introduction  of  an  American 
Episcopate  on  the  grounds  that  if  such  an  establishment  were  intro- 
duced at  this  critical  time,  it  would  not  only  increase  the  fears 
of  the  Protestant  dissenters  to  an  alarming  degree,  but  it  would 
weaken  the  bonds  between  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  might  eventually  lead  to  disruption. 

Dr . Johnson  thought  that  the  ideal  moment  for  introducing  bishops 
was  just  at  the  time  when  there  was  a general  rejoicing  over  the 

repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act,  for  he  believed  that  the  people  ’’would 

9 

rather  twenty  bishops  were  sent  them  than  the  act  enforced." 

At  the  time  of  the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies  from  Great 

Britain,  tne  struggle  for  an  American  Episcopate  was  not  thought  of 

as  being  a cause  of  the  Revolution,  but  Jonathan  Boucher  writes  in 

1797  that  "it  is  now  indisputable, that  the  former  contributed 

10 

not  a little  to  render  the  latter  successful."  He  also  says  that 
7 

^Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England,  390 

Perry,  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church  I,  419-430 
Hawks.  OontrioufTops  to  th'e' ITc’clesrastlc'ar  HTsTory  of  America,  I, 

Cross,  TH^ ‘^Anglic an  Episcopate  . 333-336 

Boucher  refers  to  these  opposing  clergymen  in  his  sermon  on  the 
Episcopate,  A View  etc.,  95-95 

Tiffany,  History  of  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  153 

^Soucher,  A View  etc.,  150 


1 


A . Js^'  , ; I . iT*'  '■' 


*■•1* 


^.(,>  ,'l|i>c»'i&!  o^i^a  "%'vi  V . .;-4i'M  We’>'--  * ' H'f»4  Mp* 
sf-mKm  : 


../i 


mms 


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"ggrtr? 


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37 


"it  served  to  keep  the  public  mind  in  a state  of  ferment  and  efferves 

cence,  to  make  them  jealous  and  suspicious  of  all  measures  not 

brought  forward  by  demagogues  and  above  all,  to  train  and  habituate 

11 

the  people  to  opposition."  John  Adams  expressed  a similar  idea 

when  he  wrote  that  "Episcopacy  contributed  fifty  years  ago  as  much 

as  any  other  cause"  to  urge  the  people  to  close  thinking  on  the 

13 

constitutional  authority  of  Parliament  over  the  colonies. 

There  was  another  controversy  in  which  the  clergy  played  a 
leading  part  and  which  helped  to  arouse  the  people  to  bitter  antag- 
onism. This  was  a debate  over  salaries  which  took  place  between 

the  state  legislatures  of  Virsinia  and  Maryland,  and  the  Anglican 

13 

clergy.  A law  had  been  passed  in  Virginia  in  1393,  which  provided 
that  16,000  pounds  of  tobacco  should  serve  as  a yearly  salary  for 
each  clergyman.  The  tobacco  crop  was  almost  a total  failure  in  the 
year  1757,  and  the  people  did  not  feel  able  to  pay  their  apportion- 
ment to  the  church,  in  tobacco.  The  General  Assembly,  therefore, 
declared  that  money  could  be  substituted  for  tobacco  at  the  rate  of 
two  pence  per  pound.  Many  of  the  clergymen  at  once  objected  to  this 
interference  with  their  scalar ies.  They  knew  that  if  they  received 
the  regular  proport ionment  of  tobacco  their  income  would  be  far 
greater  than  if  they  recei7ad  the  money,  for  the  scarcity  of  tobaccc 


11 

Boucher,  A View  etc.,  149 
12 

Works  XI, 135  (Letter  to  Dr.  J.  Morse  1815) 

Jesse  Macy  in  his  volume  entitled  The  English  Constitution, 

A Com.ment ary  on  It  * s Nature  and  Growth,  P.37’9,  says,  "The 
Religious  ^Question  was  neve'r  prominent  in  America.  It  was 
arbitrary  taxation  and  not  the  fear  of  Popery  which  maddened 
the  colonists  to  the  point  of  rebellion  in  the  time  of  the 
later  Stuarts." 

13 

Henning,  Statutes  III,  152 


sa 


had  raised  the  price  to  a considerable  extent.  In  1762,  Rev.  James 

Murray,  was  one  of  a number  of  clergy  who  brought  suits  against  the 

collectors  of  the  various  xoarishes,  in  the  attempt  to  enforce  the 

payment  of  salaries  in  tobacco,  as  specified  by  the  act  of  1636. 

Patrick  Henry  acted  as  council  for  the  defence  and  the  jury  yielded 

to  his  eloquence,  and  Murray  was  defeated  in  his  particular  case, 

as  well  as  the  cause  of  the  clergy  in  general.  The  people  as  a 

whole  became  intensely  interested  in  the  contest  and  took  sides  with 

the  two  contestants.  Articles  expressing  bitterness  and  hatred, 

both  of  the  clergy  and  of  the  Legislature,  were  published  in  the 
14 

press . 


14 

Hawks,  Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  etc.,  I,  117- 
125 

Avery,  History  of  the  U.S. , V,  44 

(For  similar  conditions  in  Maryland  see  Hawks,  Contributions  etc, 
II,  245  ff) 

For  correspondence  concerning  this  controversy  see,  Perry,  Histor- 
ical Collections  I,  266  ff 


^ VI'  « 7 •-■  ' ' . . '^7»f?^^.'''',^  T ■”j[r5 

' TW-*  111  * ‘ ' *■'  ' a r*!  r Tl».  ■’  J 


■■I^  • fHurr'  »■  M*i»aria 

a. 


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■ ■ 'f :;.  y 

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N ■ -TT^'..jJl3 


39 


chapter  IV 


Theories  and  Opinions 


Jonathan  Boucher, of  Mar^^-land  and  Virginia, ^as  one  of  the 

leading  clergy  of  this  period.  He  helieved  "that  the  true  way  to 

1 

escape  a danger  is  fairly  to  meet  it."  Boucher  was  eager  to  avert 
the  coming  revolt  and  he  says,  "I  endeavored  in  my  sermons,  and  in 
various  pieces  published  in  the  gazettes  of  the  country,  to  check 
the  immense  mischief  that  was  impending,  but  I endeavored  in  vain. 

I was  soon  restrained  from  preaching,  and  the  press  was  no  longer 

r> 

c 

open  to  me."  He  was  daily  threatened  with  disaster  and  he  answered 

3 

these  threats  in  his  sermons.  He  says  that  in  one  of  his  regular 

Sunday  preaching  services,  he  happened  to  recommend  to  his  people 

the  advisability  of  remaining  peaceful.  A few  of  his  congregation 

immediately  arose  in  arms  and  left  the  church,  avowing  that  the 

sermon  was  a "stroke  at  the  times."  "This  was  a signal  to  the 

people  to  consider  every  sermon  of  mine  as  hostile  to  the  views  and 

interests  of  America;  and  accordingly  I never  went  into  a pulpit 

4 

Without  something  disagreeable  happening." 

Boucher  attributes  the  cause  of  all  the  trouble  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  American  Colonies,  to  the  fact  that  the  former  was 


1 

Notes  and  Queries . fifth  series,  VI,  143 
3 

Ibid,  143 

3 

Ibid,  33 

4 

140 


30 


only  concerned  with  getting  the  colonies  settled,  and  did  not  in  the 

least  interest  herself  in  establishing  a suitable  colonial  adminis- 
5 

tration.  He  advocates  a remodelling  of  the  colonial  governments, 

“not  any  violent  alterations,  but  some  Pith  and  Energy  should  be 

given  to  the  executive  Parts  of  Them:  in  most  of  Them,  for  a long 

6 

Time  they  have  scarce  had  any:  They  never  had  enough."  It  must  not 
be  supposed  that  Boucher  in  urging  such  a reformation,  was  sanction- 
ing an  extension  of  the  democratic  tendency,  for  he  took  the  direct- 
ly opposite  view,  and  thought  there  had  always  been  too  much 
weight  thrown  into  the  popular  scale.  "The  Parent  State  (at  a dis- 
tance, and  soothed  by  fair  appearances,  or  overawed  by  the  supposed 
difficulty  of  mending  what  every  administration  hoped  might  last  at 
least  as  long  as  they  could  hope  to  remain  in  power)  either  saw  not, 

nor  heeded  not,  the  latent  mischief,  till  at  length  it  broke  out 

7 

with  a force  that  was  irresistable , " Dr.  Chandler  agreed  with 
Boucher  that  the  disruption  was  due  to  the  unsatisfactory  manner  in 
which  Great  Britain  conducted  her  colonial  affairs,  and  he  question- 
ed whether  it  might  not  be  plausible,  that  Providence  had  intended 

the  rebellion  to  serve  as  a punishment  to  Great  Britain  for  her 
b 

neglect . 


5 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  £46  Letter  to  William  Knox,  177  :> 
Boucher,  A View  etc.,  XXXVII 
5 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  247 

7 

Boucher,  A View  etc.,  XXXVII 

Maryl and  Historical  Magazine . IX,  335,  3 bo 

8 

Dr.  Chandler’s  letters,  1766,  1771,  in 

Hawkins,  Missi ons  of  the  Church  of  England.  154-157 

Pascoe,  T'.v o Hundred  Years  of  3.P. G. , 55 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , 245 


'1^'  4?:' 


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31 


The  ob;ject  of  the  Revolutior.,  as  Boucher  saw  it, was  "to  bring  a 

numerous  and  unruly  People  to  a right  sense  of  their  Duty  and  their 

Interest."  This  was  to  be  accomplished  not  merely  with  arms,  for 

only  an  embargo  on  colonial  trade  would  thoroughly  convince  those 

rebelling,  that  they  could  not  long  remain  independent  from  Great 

Britain.  He  thought  that  it  would  probably  prove  inexpedient  for 

the  English  to  attempt  to  engage  the  colonists  in  battle,  for  the 

latter,  instead  of  meeting  them  openly,  would  hide  behind  trees  and 

10 

fight  behind  their  backs.  He  warns  the  people,  nowever,  not  to 

11 

remain  in  a state  of  neutrality,  and  urges  them  to  have  fortitude  as 

they  suffer  from  the  "mcckings,  scourgings,  bonds  and  imprisonments" 

stand 

which  they  will  undoubtedly  receive  when  they  take  the  decided^oi 

opposition  which  he  advocates,  against  the  Patriotic  Party,  which 

is  ruled  by  the  "capricious  resolves  and  passionate  opinions  of  a 

12 

self-created  junto."  He  cautions  his  congregations  not  to  listen  to 

the  dangerous  resolves  and  measures,  passed  by  those  Congresses,  all 

of  which  are  illegal  and  which  are  composed  of  the  ignorant  and 

those  who  are  unequal  to  the  task  they  have  undertaken,  and  who  are 

13 

plunging  the  country  into  all  the  horrors  of  civil  war.  Boucher 
not  only  considered  a revolt  from  Great  Britain  to  be  "the  greatest 
evil  and  heaviest  calamity"  which  could  befall  the  American  people. 


9 

Maryland  Hist orica.1  Magazine  VIII,  249-252  (Letter  to  William  Knox, 
17757“^ 

10 

Ibid,  252 

11  

Boucher,  A View  etc.,  581 

12 

Ibid,  408 
13 

rbid,  391-392 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  239 


^ i4i,i'~^iijij|^ii(ijPg » - -■-«t  ’ j 

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33 


but  he  thought  that  the  majority  of  the  people  regarded  such  a revol- 
in  a similar  manner.  He  was  in  favor  of  granting  independence  to 
those  who  desired  it,  ”but  to  cast  off  those  also  who  can  have  of- 
fended only  by  being  perhaps  intemperately  loyal;  to  forbear  to 

govern  those  who  are  willing  to  be  governed,  is  not  only  injustice, 
14 

but  tyranny." 

Boucher  points  out  the  fact  that  "no  government  on  earth  is 
15 

infallible,"  and  that  civil  broils  are  the  luxuriant  offsprings  of 
the  best  formed  governments."  He  is  not  so  pre Juaicially  in  favor 
of  the  English  government,  that  he  fails  to  see  that  not  all  of  the 
British  measures  were  prudent,  but  he  believes  these  errors  to  have 
been  enlarged  and  exaggerated,  for  the  English  government  never  op- 
pressed them,  "and  yet  it  is  solely  on  a charge  of  injustice,  and 

16 

rigour  and  oppression,  that  our  herdsmen  have  stirred  up  this  strife'.' 
Individuals  are  seldom  perfect,  and  therefore  it  should  net  be  ex- 
pected that  a body  such  as  Parliament  should  never  make  a mistake. 

It  is  unjust  to  conclude  that  because  Parliament  has  erred  once  or 
twice,  she  will  continue  to  dc  so.  He  cites  the  Stamp  Act  as  an 
example.  The  people  opposed  the  Act,  and  it  was  repealed  without 
shedding  a drop  of  blood.  If  such  a repeal  was  accomplished  in  one 
instance,  why  could  not  the  people  avail  themselves  of  the  same 

means  to  bring  about  similar  results,  with  reg-rd  to  other  offensive 

17 

and  unpopular  measures? 


14 

Boucher,  A View  etc.,  370 

15 

Ibid.  417 

16 

Ibid.  371 
17 

Ibid.  418 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine  VIII,  347  Letter  to  William  Knox,  1775 


III ' rtf’  i 


■s.. 


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P1V-?.N  .l^in■5v3{.■  : , Ttf"'*'  ••  l‘i  ^ lail  . 

»mj^-'- '•ini,-r*iirj  meiwti.”"  “ie."  *i  ""yt»  ’,*->.'WW.<.*‘*-’.j;''* 

■*.t'i,  ,s':''«541t  ■„;  , '‘.'-I  ■-  ' 


33 

Boucher  reproves  the  people  for  their  insincerity  and  lack  of 
loyalty  to  the  mother  who  has  nourished  them  through  their  days  of  ii 
fancy.  They  came  to  America,  not  because  they  were  forced  to  leave 
England,  but  for  various  personal  reasons,  and  Great  Britain  in- 
stead of  withdrawing  her  protection,  watched  carefully  over  them. 

He  says  that  the  colonists  express  their  gratitude  with  insults  and 

abuse,  ”the  moment  that  our  Parent  ceases  to  foster  and  fondle  us, 

18 

or  that  we  imagine  she  ceases." 

Boucher  held  steadfastly  to  the  doctrine  that  only  those  theo- 
ries of  Government  which  origina.ted  in  the  Scriptures,  could  be 

19 

adopted  without  difficulty.  He  regrets  that  all  of  the  "good  old 

doctrines  of  our  venerable  Divines,  founded  as  they  are  on  Scripture 

and  on  sound  Philosophy,  are  now  made  to  give  away  to  (what  we  are 

pleased  to  call)  the  deductions  of  Reason,  as  if  it  were  possible 

that  sound  Reason  should  ever  be  at  variance  with  Revelation." 

Boucher  agrees  with  Hobbes  that  wise  men  will  "ra.ther  choose 

to  brook  with  patience  some  inconveniences  under  government  (because 

human  affairs  cannot  possible  be  without  some)  than  self-opinionated- 

20 

ly  disturb  the  quiet  of  the  public."  If  the  people  should  ask  for 
a redress  of  their  grievances,  and  if  the  British  Parliament  should 
refuse  to  grant  such  a concession  then  there  was  nothing  left  for 
the  people  to  do  but  to  be  "sorry  and  grieved"  and  to  suffer  their 
disappointment  by  thinking  that  it  was  not  owing  to  any  misconduct 
of  their  own.  Human  life  after  all  is  merely  a succession  of  dis- 

18 

Boucher,  A View.  373-374,  475 

19 

523 

20 

Ibiii,  544 


\ f •'^yy  , ;/  v-'y  y<  -..r-j.-':'  '■"  ' ' 


vfi; 


34 


appointments  and  those  who  say  that  such  submission  aind  humbleness 

are  contemptible  are  misinformed,  for  according  to  the  Scriptures 

there  is  no  better  way  to  overcome  such  unlawful  commands  than  to 

2 1 

patiently  suffer. 

The  time  will  come,  Boucher  affirms,  when  the  colonists  will 
grow  tired  of  the  confusions  and  oppressions  which  are  sure  to  fol- 
low a separation  of  the  two  countries  and  looking  back  on  the  period 

when  they  were  under  the  protection  of  Great  Britain, they  will  beg 

32 

for  that  security  once  more.  If  they  do  not  attempt  to  reunite,  a 

final  downfall  is  inevitable.  This  downfall  of  the  confederated 

government  will  come  from  the  north.  He  says "that  the  snow  clad 

deserts  of  Arcadia  and  Canada  will  at  some  future  period finally 

give  law  to  all  North  America,  and  also  the  West  India  Islands. 

They  will  either  be  called  in,  as  the  Saxons  were  into  this  island, 

as  allies  to  some  weak  and  oppressed  State  or  States,  or  they  will 

issue,  like  all  over-stocked  hives,  in  quest  of  less  crowded  and 

23 

more  fertile  settlements." 

From  the  time  that  a creak  with  the  mother  country  was  appar- 

24 

ent , Boucher  was  pleading  for  a closer  union.  Vifhen  he  realized  that 
independence  was  a certainty,  he  set  about  to  formulate  a new  plan 
of  union,  which  differed  in  many  respects  from  the  old  one.  He  pro- 
posed that  Great  Britain  and  the  colonies  should  form  an  alliance. 
Each  should  be  entirely  independent  of  the  other,  each  making  her 


21 

Boucher,  A View . 557-560 
22 

Ibid.  366 

23 

Ibid.  IXXii 

( Jay , in  The  Federalist  Papers . in  Works  of  Alexander  Hamilton  IX, 
P.24,  gives  a slmriaf  idea) 

24 

Boucher.  A View,  375 


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35 

own  laws,  but  the  government  of  each  should  be  similar  in  character. 

The  subjects  of  one  would  be  subjects  of  the  other.  Both  of  them 

should  guarantee  defence  of  each  "not  merely  as  an  ally  or  a friend, 

25 

but  as  an  integral  part  of  itself,  one  and  indivisible."  It  is 

curious  to  note  that  Boucher  also  admired  a plan,  which  proposed 

the  total  extinction  of  the  then  present  race  of  colonists  and  a re- 

26 

settlement  of  the  country  from  a different  lineage. 

It  is  interesting  to  notice  Boucher’s  opinions  concerning 

some  of  the  Revolutionary  leaders.  Virginia  was  considered  to  be 

one  of  the  most  influential  of  all  of  the  colonies.  This  was  due 

in  part  to  her  central  situation,  and  to  the  lofty  character  of  the 

people  who  lived  there.  The  Revolutionists  were  anxious^  thereforej 

to  succeed  in  winning  Virginia  over  to  the  side  of  the  confederacy, 

and  they  did  not  spare  any  effort  in  attaining  this  end.  If  they 

succeeded  in  accomplishing  their  object,  they  did  not  doubt  but  that 

the  other  southern  colonies  would  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  their 

neighbor.  When  it  was  therefore  decided  to  call  a congress,  Mr. 

Randolph  pf  Virginia,  "was  pitched  on  to  be  its  first  President,"  and 

Mr.  Washington  was  nominated  as  the  commander  of  the  army,  in  the 

hope  that  these  two  men  with  dominant  personalities,  would  influence 

27 

others  in  Virginia  to  follow  in  the  footsteps  of  the  Patriots. 
Boucher  believes  that  Washington  was  influenced  to  accept  the  nomin- 
ation because  of  the  fear  felt  by  the  middle  and  southern  colonies, 
that  after  the  colonies  were  independent  from  Great  Britain,  the 

25 

Boucher,  A View . IXXV 

26 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . IX,  56,  57 
27 

Boucher,  A View . XXXV 


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36 


northern  army,  (as  under  Cromwell’s  leadership  in  England)  might  rul« 
28 

the  country.  Regardless  of  the  manner  in  which  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land were  influenced  to  enter  the  contest,  Boucher  expresses  great 
suprise  and  incredibility,  that  two  such  prosperous  colonies  as  they 
were,  who  were  enjoying  "all  the  security  which  the  best  government 
in  the  world  can  give,"  could  be  so  rash  as  to  engage  in  a civil  war 
against  a nation  they  loved,  without  actually  knowing  what  was  the 

real  cause  of  the  complaint,  and  also  having  an  inadequate  knowledge 

29 

of  the  object  at  which  the  leaders  aimed. 

Washington  was  described  by  Boucher  as  "an  honest  man,"  and 

one  who  was  extraordinarily  cool  and  cautious.  He  thought  that  the 

best  way  to  conquer  Washington,  would  be  to  outwit  him,  that  is,  to 

confuse  him  with  the  little  tricks  and  schemes  of  war,  with  which 

he  had  had  little  experience,  and  against  which  he  would  not  be  able 
30 

to  stand.  Boucher  at  one  time  had  been  a very  warm  friend  of  General 
Washington.  For  several  years  he  had  acted  as  tutor  to  Washington's 
step-son.  Master  Custer,  but  as  the  Revolution  progressed,  Boucher 
became  more  and  more  embittered  toward  him,  and  he  at  length  denounc- 
ed Washington's  friendship.  He  accused  the  General  of  having  calmly 
observed  the  treatment,  which  the  clergymen  received  at  the  hands  of 
the  Whigs,  without  making  the  slightest  attempt  to  stop  it.  Washing- 
to,  he  said,  "was  acting  with  all  the  base  malignity  of  a virulent 
Whig,"  and  Boucher  resented  it.  Boucher  declared  that  he  despised 
the  man  who  could  act  in  such  a contemptible  fashion  and  vowed  that 


28 

Boucher,  A View.  XXXVI 

29 

Ibid,  XXXIV 

30 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  255-266  Letter  to  William  Knox, 
1775 


-r 


* •! 


■ ■ _>p-- ■ •-•^ ':^  ■> 

* 'ivi'iV*  *Vi  to ' • ^it.tqV*  Ni  wic|i  r:  1 

U tajigu^^  ^.^1*  V.  4;  . 


h 


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""  .••/i'TJJ 


-rt'--^'-''  .(*■ 

>»  '.  . ‘W 


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_ 4'^.  *f  c|^"' 

:* ^ d!.Jt^.n  , .-5'i.  irkA  .4«*i.-  i. 


;Mi 


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, . *l-  ■ ._'  ■ kolt  • 


gstnga  r‘r»*-«g..;;;jr^^ 

-f  .«sj.fas 


37 

Washington  was  no  longer  worthy  of  his  friendship,  for  he  could  not 

31 

he  in  any  way  connected  with  so  dishonorable  a person. 

In  a letter  to  Washington,  1775,  Boucher  states  his  reasons 
for  not  becoming  a Whig.  "Ko  Tory  has  yet  in  a single  instance 
misused  or  injured  a Whig  merely  for  being  a Whig,  and  whatever  may 
oe  the  boasted  superiority  of  your  party,  it  will  not  be  denied  that 
in  some  instances  at  least  this  has  been  in  our  power.  With  respect 
th  Whigs,  however,  the  case  has  been  directly  the  reverse;  a Tory  at 
all  in  the  power  of  a Whig  never  escapes  ill-treatment  merely  be- 
cause of  his  being  a Tory.  How  contrary  all  this  is  to  all  that 
Liberty  which  Whigs  are  forever  so  forward  to  profess,  need  not  be 
insisted  on;  it  is  so  contrary  to  all  justice  and  honour,  that  were 
there  no  reasons  to  determine  me  against  it,  as  there  are  thousa.nds, 

I would  not  be  a Wnig,  because  their  principles lead  so  directly 

to  all  that  is  mean  and  unmanly."  In  the  same  letter  he  asserts 

that  "all  of  those  who  with  you  are  promoting  the  present  apparently 

3£ 

popular  measures,  are  the  true  enemies  of  their  country."  Boucher 
was  always  outspoken  in  his  convictions  and  never  feared  to  utter 
that  which  he  believed  to  be  the  truth. 

The  Sons  of  Liberty  advocated  the  theory  that  the  colonies 
were  held  directly  from  the  Crown  and  that  they  were  consequently 
wholly  independent  of  Parliament.  Rev.  Samuel  Seatbury  contended, 
that  the  King  of  Great  Britain  received  the  legal  right  to  his  title 
by  the  consent  of  Parliament,  and  that  he  was  therefore  King  of 

31 

Notes  and  Queries . fifth  series,  VI,  162 

32 

Ibid,  VI,  161 


to«:p^.,T!«x-  ,:•  ,-;^r  ‘.t  V ■ ^ ^*^'981'  ’ ? -^m 


.:s 

< fJUt  >'<■'■.•’  iW'i 


ft  ” -v  M»-u « - '♦'3it*"(s50-H***  •^— -sif^ 

at  LtfV  v’’.frJ'’  ^ ' * ■(*'  ’'“*•-  i •»'  -i. • * -i  ■’ 


w . yf». 


t-'MfSf-c.  ::■  "i»1'l  '.%i,f»ic-  !<(BSc<it>€^,-,6 ’^, . »«rv; 

TO’  ,.  * ' .^  .._,  •--"«■  ■ 1 ' *'  . . "?S  • I ' 


, '%■.  ■: 


lU  fo^si 


‘Vi, 


i.  <V  i^rX ’i  / >*ti,-^.  qi 

■ . JV"  >.  t ■ :r-‘  . 


1 ‘ ' A^ 


> !■-' 


K ■•'  ' ''‘* 


I »^<&. 


' V.'*  -2-i  :t«;  '^o;^'‘-^ji:x 

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'-'  - - '■  ' ^ ' •■>^  'V*'- 


. {|\11P'’’5'‘:*:jr-'%>'tiif' 


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•'’  ; Afj^  '*P  ‘ 


^'/■a...  a US*  *«,  ^.AAAAA^BiO  g iS,,’^'Jia  A-^Z  1,'^®^  t©  J.' IVP^Jf*'tf3 

**»  -■  •■  'j''  ■ Xf  « :t--:gj 

i-^'  ^ ^ . 

'^-,  aV#  ..?A'.'^s.-  :.  ,ifr  iv 

\i^  '.^5  M:.  ■ ili^ 


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'‘^;  ^m»9-  vn9Tt=f  'X 

91^3  ■’ietJiii^  ■ ',i  I.  ■"'j  I iMa.J#  I ' , 


3e 

33 

America  by  the  same  title  that  he  was  King  of  Great  Britain. 

Seabury  was  decided  in  his  opinions  concerning  the  Continental 
Congresses  and  the  various  committees  and  conventions.  He  considers 
the  authority  of  such  bodies  to  be  only  another  form  of  slavery. 

"If  I must  be  enslaved,"  he  says,  "let  it  be  to  a King  at  least,  and 
not  by  a parcel  of  upstart,  lawless  committeemen.  If  I must  be 

devoured,  let  it  be  by  the  jaws  of  a lion,  and  not  gnawed  to  death 

34 

by  rats  and  vermin."  Seabury,  like  Boucher,  was  ready  with  a plan 
for  reconciliation.  He  proposed  that  self-government  be  extended 
to  the  American  colonies,  but  that  they  would  still  remain  under  a 
sovereign  imperial  Parliament.  This  arrangement  would  unit  Great 

Britain  with  her  colonies  in  a firmer  and  closer  compact,  than  they 

35 

had  ever  had  before.  Cooper  proposed  a similar  plan  establishing 

a general  American  Constitution,  and  which  provided  that  Great 

Britain  should  retain  her  rightful  supremacy  over  her  American  col- 
36 

onies . 

Boucher  and  Cooper  differed  somewhat  in  their  conceptions  of 
the  importance  of  the  tax  which  was  levied  upon  tea,  by  the  British 
government.  Boucher  considered  the  tax  to  be  an  insignificant  duty, 
which  would  not  probably  concern  more  than  one-third  of  the  people, 
and  which  would  never  be  a hardship  to  any  one.  He  pointed  cut 
that  the  Americans  were  not  reouired  to  buy  the  tea,  and  that  it 
had  not  been  proved  that  this  act  of  Parliament  was  unconstitutional 


33 

Belcher,  First  American  Civil  War.  31-33 

34 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabu ry , 35 

35 

Flick,  Loyalism  in  New  York , 13 

36  • 

Ibid.  13 


'%>«[?  .5->ftr4:’''?'.:f:«5 :'5  ■ v'i'*'.'’!.''^' •'■'■.  v=  ".'■1  r^f 

' 1* •'•’"•  ‘'Vf:  •.:'•■  I • ••  i "■.  . ■:  ■»;  . .'  '■  I'.I  *”  '■■  TJ  H ■ ■' 

•'  }l'{  '•■ .,  ■/  ■ a/*  ..  . . I-  :<v . • . ,'v  It 


■ ^ 


» .,4.i’«y?k50'  oif  .gaianvilo;-  -Jll  ■;Tl\^6'j!'«.ifc^  V*  W«*J  j3 

ElA  '^  *^'  |j ''  .'.  ,^  . ‘ ..  ■ ' ,1  ' '■'  ' ■•^'»  •’ 

.-.  f'' ■ , -v;  ).  ■ ‘ « • y ■ ' .‘-^W...  ^ ' ■ , I ‘ 

.iX  3ni^-'4t  ’S-n'’  ^X^^^X■’ 


A . I 


P ■,:  ■ ' „ .•  . ■'■  '■■•.*'  I , ,*'''  • I 

i'r''  '■  . I'  - ■ ^',  ■.  ,/'■,.  ' ' , 

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4^,,  . .....  ■ Ti  ^ ' ■ i: 

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B^'.  <v  j'  ^ 

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I ' i 


,.;f 


Efcjsiiwpv  > .*t- . '•■  ' .^-  ■'•?4'-A.; 


i ' ' ' ■ I' ' - .3^*  j ^ fl3o  ^ 

6^4:0 

1^.>  *'jsir 

?j  .''V-.  .•:•  ;;frv. 


^ «-•••  *<,.•.(.  4fc  "» 

'■  4-~J"^4v  0 ''.V  . . .V  1‘JO 


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.1* 


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/ '\('  :'.‘.v,  , , Mi'' 


v* 


39 


37 

and  should  therefore  not  he  opposed  with  such  force.  Dr,  Cooper 
thought 

that  the  duty  was  "dangerous  to  constitutional  liberty."  He 

also  upheld  the  people  in  the  opposition  which  they  displayed  agains 

other  Parlia-aentery  measures,  such  as  the  Stamp  Act,  and  duties  plac 

38 

ed  upon  various  articles. 

Rev.  Andrew  Burnaby,  an  Anglican  clergyman,  who  had  travelled 
for  several  years  in  America  before  the  Revolution,  wrote  to  General 
Washington  from  Greenwich,  in  1776,  to  renew  the  friendship  which 
he  had  c'uliviated  during  his  visit  to  the  colonies.  Burnaby  en- 
deavored to  impress  upon  Washington's  mind  the  fact  that  Great 
Britain  and  America  could  never  survive  independent  of  each  other. 

He  grants  that  the  colonies  at  the  present  time  are  bound  together 
in  a common  cause,  but  that  this  state  of  unity  will  long  remain 
after  the  common  enemy  is  removed,  he  is  doubtful.  He  recalls  the 
Peloponnesian  war  and  the  state  of  upheaval  and  revolt  in  which  the 
States  of  Greece  found  themselves  after  the  retreat  of  the  Persians, 
and  he  warns  the  colonists  to  beware  of  a similar  condition  among 
the  American  colonies,  after  they  should  secure  their  independence. 
He  Was  also  skeptical  in  regard  to  the  part  France  was  playing  in 
the  struggle.  He  contended  that  France  was  insincere  in  proffering 
aid  to  the  Colonies,  and  that  she  did  not  do  this  from  a sense  of 
generosity  but  from  a selfish  motive.  She  offered  herservices  with 
the  hope  that  the  two  opponents,  England  and  America,  would  weaken 
each  other,  so  as  to  leave  America  in  such  a state  that  she  would 
offer  herself  as  an  easy  prey  to  France.  To  avoid  this  calamity, 

37 

Boucher,  A View,  554,  555 
36 

Flick,  Lovalism  in  New,  York , IS 


L H fi 


t;*  \ . ■ ,'L|'‘  ■%’  •',’■■  '.  •'  ,*•■  *>  * -I  •••  »■*,,  ' :•  , V ■ • ’ f,»'  pfWlA 

■ ■ III''*  ' UiiCc <*;>-■  . " J-  ^ 

4«Mys^s/X0  .vcp^n-'  ^ ■ | . 

,.  ’*  . '■‘¥  ..  jjl  -''' '"r-jf'*''’  ■■’/  , /■••■  ■'  . Q • ■ If  4^ 


'■  ' ■'  '''  ' ■■  if  r / , •' mKBM  , 

.^v'.’'70Wfc  ••  ' Q*^  *'i':  l4^‘*sjy»*'W^*-' 


: fti!'  ..  4 i)t't^>  '1*^ 

"‘  'l^...  ;;  ,'^l  i >.  ■'■'*  /5^' V'-  1 '--V'  ' I ^ 

/ . /it.  ■ ■■'■*».  f ••■'.  ,'■'  ■.^...V  , '^Wi^'‘  '_  ' ''^  >^'t'' 


» '•.  1 m^9.  ■ t Z'  '’  ' ' 

, ;r/lf,^.,.‘T.-.j»4j^,V  ' 

• ' sv, 


^ Si,  •;■ 

. ’^■^  , •-  .i  '’ 


1<.‘  •'  ‘.sV-  Mi  S»P!^1 


40 

Burnaby  implores  Washington  to  restore  the  happy  relations  which 

earlier  existed,  and  which  now  the  majority  of  the  people  longed 
39 

for , 

General  Washington  was  the  recipient  of  many  appeals  from 
Anglican  clergy,  urging  him  to  take  a more  conciliatory  attitude. 
Jacob  Duche,  a clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  in  Philadelphia, 
wrote  an  interesting  letter  to  Washington  in  1777.  He  pictured  the 
utter  hopelessness  of  such  resistance,  and  the  fruitless  efforts  of 
the  Patriotic  army,  which  was  not  on  an  equal  standing  with  that  of 
the  Royalists,  He  pleaded  with  Washington,  whom  he  considered  as 
the  most  influential  Whig  of  that  time,  to  repeal  the  Declaration  of 
Independence , and  to  order  a cessation  of  all  hostilities,  in  order 
to  avoid  the  awful  horrors  and  cruel  sufferings  which  were  inevit- 
able in  a civil  war  such  as  they  were  experiencing,  and  to  stop  the 
heartless  devastation  of  the  country  which  was  to  them  the  home  they 
loved  and  wanted  to  protect.  He  concludes  his  letter  with  the  fol- 
lowing words,  "I  love  my  country,  I love  you;  but  to  the  love  of 
truth,  the  love  of  peace,  and  to  the  love  of  God,  I hope  I should 

be  enabled,  if  called  upon  to  the  trial,  to  sacrifice  every  other 
40 

inferior  love,"  Washington  was  not  apparently  greatly  disturbed 
after  reading  Duche 's  letter,  for  he  immediately  sent  it  to  Congress, 
accompanied  by  a note  in  which  he  expressed  his  contempt  of  such  a 
"ridiculous  and  illiber;al  performance,"  which  he  would  have  return- 
ed to  the  author  unopened  if  he  had  known  what  the  missive  contain- 
ed. Washington,  however,  did  not  believe  that  the  contents  of  the 

39 

Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution,  I,  458 
4C 

Ibid,  455  ff 


9"  ' •'ST'/  ; 


.K-  ■*' 


ry, 


^^^^^!^Io‘te#*  W?r.;wfi^  ■i.lftS's'  ^i;j!  ,m.u-fik 


'-7;^  ■ >*■  .-fr  v. ;"• . r 

•<  i 'L  ’ <■  • »i . ’ 

-ff 

ft*c*  pai^tto 

r*..-rtf  ^ .f  ^ r^.7Z,‘ 


§i>»it:d'fei^'-:aK'  ftl/w^HEfS  i'kn^rVs!; -;)|ri-|.*|h  ‘q-gVio  f,|3.A. 


^■4. 


^ .'  y-  (fr'-‘  " u "*9  Jfll  ^ --  *.  * ff 

'3P  Sm**^*'  ' ^ ^ .W* 

^-afeia*V-#sWv>dl4«8e  'j^U'r'Xe^Tii*  i^Xt^ 


fee 


;^v4; jp:.^  " 

' . ■■  V V.'  '■'  ' '>^  M.'"^:.  J'  ■ . . ..„  ■ 


, . . , 

i, #{<£%', I'X  .A<»:*%  1^".  ■..*‘teB™.<is  .:' 


. A tilii. 


'-'  - jrJii 


''J.i 


^'-  ,vVIT  ' iC  ■: ♦'  ‘f  - ■ ■ I” 


41 

letter  originated  entirely  with  Duche,  but  that  he  was  influenced 

in  writing  the  appeal  in  the  hope  that  it  would  more  firmly  estab- 

41 

lish  himself  with  the  British  government.  Inglis  believed  also, 
with  Duche,  that  the  King  in  the  end  would  be  successful,  and  that 
the  rebellion  was  "one  of  the  most  causeless,  unprovoked  and  un- 
natural that  ever  disgraced  any  country;  a rebellion  marked  with 

42 

peculiarly  aggravated  circumstances  of  guilt  and  Ingratitude." 

The  Anglican  clergy  were  in  general,  not  in  favor  of  a demo- 
cratic and  popular  form  of  government.  They  did  not  admire  any  of 
the  democratic  tendencies,  and  were  decisive  in  their  opposition 
ajid  condemnation  of  such.  Most  of  them  were  careful  to  avoid  be- 
coming involved  in  any  of  the  revolutionary  principles  which  they 
considered  dangerous,  but  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  they  were 
often  active  in  attempting  to  procure  a revised  system  of  colonial 
government  administration,  which  would  correct  the  abuses  of  the 
one  in  operation.  The  opinion  of  many  were  expressed  by  Dr.  Johnson 
who  wrote  to  Benjamin  Franklin  just  before  he  sailed  to  England,  as 
a special  agent  for  Pennsylvania,  "would  to  God  you  were  charged 
with  pleading  the  same  cause  in  behalf  of  all  the  Governments,  that 

they  might  all  alike  be  taken  into  the  King’s  most  immediate  protec- 
43 

tion."  Their  one  aim  was  to  achieve  a conciliation  between  Great 
Britain  and  her  American  colonies,  and  to  avoid  a civil  war.  The 
clergy  seemed  to  be  frank  and  sincere  in  expressing  their  opinions, 
and  eager  to  influence  their  congregations  to  follow  the  example 
which  they  were  setting. 

41 

Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution,  I,  446 

42 

Ecclesiastical  Records  of  New  York,  XI , 4293 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  Conn. I, 24c 


\t  \.  ■■*  .Ti  ' 


Xu>>  t^.  r<4  iii-'  ' -;  r4^>j(v  'i-,  <ii^’4 


' ' ' ^ V ' I ^ Ti  4 :'  . • I ^ ' ■ . ■♦  ' - *' 


•r,  4 


'p.'V  -'■P.'.aBM  " •■!<  ’'  . :•'  ,■■  ■'  '■■•.:  T*J  »-« 

KM 


-s 


" V 4if ' 4 ' , 4«  nAt. 


I , ' " Jj  ■'  • W i.  . ’ . Ji  ■'  ^ ' , - - -||-  - , ^ — 

ii^'drtac  <w'Jf  , tdF,< 


')Mkt  r*  !s&!l-i^  f 

■ 


^ Ti'  ‘ l!-.^  Ti',  V^‘"'  ' -'JtliA 

» ■S''!.*. 


'e.r  f'S'’  '"Sty, 

I n*  -* '4‘A#i  ♦/*. »t<T  I’rtvJ .' V o fl.'^' -^- 


MUioO  fil  i:im'i'<y  X6^itt^ASi;_^*pW±  «n 

w 


4^.u-  ■'''.  •■..•  "'0  ' 


42 

CHAPTER  V 

The  Treatment  of  the  Anglican  Clergy 

The  loyal  clergy  most  of  whom  helonged  to  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, seemed  to  have  been  singled  out  from  the  so-called  loyalist 
party,  as  fit  objects  upon  which  to  give  vent  to  stored  up  hatred 
and  ill-feeling  of  the  opposite  party.  They  were  seized  upon  the 
slightest  and  unfounded  suspicions,  and  often  treated  in  a cruel 
and  inhuman  manner.  Little  or  no  regard  was  given  to  the  age  or 
physical  condition  of  the  individual.  He  was  in  many  instances 
forced  to  desert  his  wife,  who  was  left  in  a helpless  condition  with 
Small  children,  and  without  any  means  for  support. 

This  attitude  may  be  illustrated  by  a letter  of  Mr.  Barton, 
who  was  then  a missionary  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania.  He  says  that 
even  though  he  has  tried  not  to  give  offence  to  those  who  "usurped 
authority  and  Rule  and  exercised  the  severest  Tyranny  over  us,  yet 
my  life  and  property  have  been  threatened  upon  mere  suspicion  of 
being  unfriendly  to  what  is  called  the  American  cause.  Indeed  every 
clergyman  of  the  Church  of  England,  who  dared  to  act  upon  proper 
principles  was  marked  out  for  infamy  and  insult;  in  consequence  of 
which  the  missionaries  in  particular  have  suffered  greatly.  Some  of 
them  have  been  dragged  from  their  horses,  assaulted  with  stones  and 
dirt,  ducked  in  water;  obliged  to  flee  for  their  lives,  driven  from 

1 

their  habitations  and  families,  laid  under  arrests  and  imprisoned!" 

1 

Perry,  Historical  Collections.  II,  469-491 


^ilBi  UM.  - ^ 

SiPp^fP  ■ ' 


. * .*‘''U  .V  ,K  , -,n 


■ J./  \ ' ' ■(  ' ' '•  •*  -'  "7^  ’ ’^  ■*  * .■'•'/^  ^ 

...■'tmm.  .,.  ^ m s,, ,^3^,430 ^ J8W . ..  ^ ^ j 


i-i , 


/•ft-.*-; 


,1  ■•'■V:j»u-i '5  ^'.'  • : '..*j  , V-‘^^ 


r*-  > I 


V.' 


y~ 


;m 

:ji?t-^  IjVVi'.,  - . ^ ..  .■  _-  . J^.^y'’’’  •,'  ^ '■‘'W^'^»  ^ 

- v^ip  i^!t\^ 


■1 


'^, , , ' ?_•  i'-''  ' ■'  ■‘t  ■ ■ 'jlr  ' ■ >'^‘)?  ■ .'■j!riS  ■- 

^ ^ - V'.-a^\'  %■ 

^.1  . ■>  ■ .V  .1  ,.N 


i‘  . 


gsi"# , ^ - ..  '%‘- 


J>:mjX^/&':  at  i>bVt 


. ,.,  ,-.A‘v^  ■ ^''  / : : '* - -S'  V/,.  t'  V .,  . ‘'KaHttKy-ii 


t5f  ;f  4/.  iir.fl  t „^3eC:J  • ‘ (ioi.^  IrB^f^oy- 


I'p.  ■ . 

■ r .■  ” .-iw,  ■ ••'■.. 


. 'J~ 


. Z f. 


43 


Rev.  Samuel  Seatoury,  as  I have  above  mentioned,  wrote  many 
pamphlets  bearing  the  pseudonym  of  a "Westchester  Farmer."  These 
pamphlets  were  seized  by  an  angry  mob  of  the  Sons  of  Liberty,  who 
tarred  and  feathered  the  offensive  sheets  and  burned  them  at  the 
stake,  by  way  of  serving  as  an  illustration  of  that  which  they  long- 
ed to  do  likewise  to  the  author,  if  he  were  to  be  discovered.  After 
the  author’s  identity  was  disclosed,  he  and  his  family  experienced 
all  of  the  ill-treatment  and  abuse  which  the  infuriated  Patriots 
could  inflict  upon  them.  When  Seabury’s  enemies  were  searching  the 
house  for  him,  they  took  some  of  their  revenge  upon  his  daughters, 
prodding  them  with  bayonets.  Seabury  was  acknowledged  as  a leader 
in  the  Royalist  party,  and  the  Whigs  realized  that  he  was  doing  as 
much  as  anyone  to  weaken  their  cause  and  it  was  deemed  necessary  to 
remove  him  to  a place  where  he  could  do  no  harm.  On  November  S3, 
1775,  he  was  seized  by  a group  of  armed  men,  and  removed  to  New 
Haven,  Connecticut,  where  he  was  carried  through  the  streets  in  a most 
insulting  manner  and  was  then  placed  in  a close  confinement  and  de- 
prived of  the  visits  of  friends  except  when  accompanied  by  a guard. 
He  was  kept  here  for  over  a month  and  then  was  permitted  to  return 
to  his  home,  but  not  to  undisturbed  peace.  He  was  compelled  to  keep 
himself  concealed  and  not  to  remain  in  his  house  long  at  a time. 
Finally  it  was  necessary  for  him  to  leave  his  home  and  family  and  to 

seek  refuge  within  the  British  lines  in  New  York,  where  he  remained 

3 

until  peace  was  declared. 

Fines  were  imposed  upon  the  clergy  for  refusing  to  fight 
3 

Beardsley,  Life  arid  Correspondence  of  Seabury , 3S  ff 


«v..3A"8<lt,.:  I . <<|uW>|.!i  lOXiH/a  •"“)* 


Vtii^a^'i  •-f?k:'«i 


o»'  ei^4' , . -(./iKi 

„ , 1;^: „ 

' MW  ' j' '■  ' ;■'>  ' 


*»iAi''»ia  *■,- 


45- 


‘C-v*t.. , . •;?wa 


'V^.;  ^;,  .»^  • " v:-  ,,j|f  ^;-,  • ; - 


4' c /■  ^ Lrlv.:i>#‘  ij, ,.  .^vi^„.' 





^ '’B^'  '-^'  j , r ,rj  -j 


. 

•r  (til  l6)l  ^ 

■ ■ - .V  ' 

■f-  L..V ■,,,--  ' ■•'  ■ ' 


against  the  King.  An  angry  moto,  August  1775,  hroke  into  King's 
College  intent  upon  seizing  Dr.  Myles  Cooper  in  his  bed,  shaving 
his  head,  cutting  off  his  ears,  slitting  his  nose,  stripping  him 
naked,  and  setting  him  adrift.  Dr.  Cooper  was  fortunate  enough  to 

V 

escape  thru  a window  and  to  evade  the  treacherous  crowd.  A novel 
punishment  was  inflicted  upon  the  Rev.  W,  Charles  of  Dedham,  Massa- 
chusetts. He  was  arrested  and  taken  to  a Public  House,  and  compell- 
ed to  remain  all  alone  in  a room  for  three-fourth  of  an  hour,  to 

5 

gaze  at  the  picture  of  Oli/er  Cromwell,  as  an  object  lession.  Rev. 
Beach  of  Newtown  was  persuaded  and  threatened  if  he  would  not  con- 
sent to  sign  his  name  to  articles  passed  by  the  Congress  in  Phila- 
delphia, but  to  no  avail.  Rather  than  be  imprisoned,  he,  in  company 
with  friends,  agreed,  under  a heavy  bond  not  to  fight  against  the 

colonists,  or  to  influence  others  against  enlisting  in  the  American 
6 

forces.  Rev,  J.W.  Weeks,  the  missionary  at  Marblehead,  writes  to 

the  Society  , in  1775, that  "the  conditions  of  your  missionaries  is 

truly  deplorable;  they  have  enemies  all  around  them  and  no  friends 

7 

but  God  and  their  consciences . " Seabury,  in  a letter  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  3.P.G.  in  1777,  informs  them  of  the  death  of  several 
clergymen  of  the  Church  of  England,  which  he  believed  to  have  re- 
sulted from  the  suffering  caused  by  the  persecutions  and  perils 

8 

which  they  experienced  at  the  hands  of  their  enemies.  Jonathan 


3 

Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England,  S56 

^New  York  Historical  Society  Collections , X,  43-432  (Colden  Papers) 
Ty 1 e r , Literary  History . I,  393 
5 

Pascoe,  Two  Hundred  Years  of  the  S.P.G. , 49 
Perry,  Historical  Collections , III,  594 
o 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut,  I,  309  f. 

^Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of^  England,  246 
Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of_  Seabu^,  50-53 


.-V 


* -Al? 

■j;...-Vs^.  - 


"^1  ''’»v  .^.  ’ ''  ■ f. Tvl*.  r^'  '*  ’'21 

•vf’--i»o|Nl' 

■ V .-^  “ , 


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»ji# 


^4  :■  -I'; 


f.  |*X  ' ' *''''  ' f 

#■  a;1  ..*  oQ/i^o 

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l^,V  ■,  •'  * ^ ''MV 


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f..,.  '■  '31  ;t;jL?.  ' , V ■ .’  %^U^. 

^ t’i* >i»  •■i  ♦'^'-•■tiiAttfc ^ ■ 

oit'iiki0.w,'-64l^4x^^  fejfriJ^ltllBxAfci  o,..ri3j«-'%  \o  rJj 

rt:  --A  V'  ■ * V --^'  -s.tn 


Boucher  writes  of  the  insult  he  received,  when  several  thousand  of 

9 

the  Sons  of  Liberty,  hanged  and  shot  his  effigy.  In  another  letter 

he  tells  how  two  loads  of  stone  were  taken  to  his  church  one  Sunday, 

to  stcne  him  for  having  supposedly  said,  "that  a Rifleman  would  be 

10 

no  Match  for  a common  Musqueteer  in  the  Field." 

The  Sons  of  Liberty  entered  the  home  of  Rev.  Leairdng  of  Nor- 
walk, tore  down  his  picture  which  was  hanging  upon  the  wall  and 
after  disfiguring  it,  they  nailed  the  remains  to  a sign  post.  The 
excited  Partiots  were  not  satisfied  with  such  a mild  insult.  They 
placed  him  in  prison,  and  he  was  deprived  of  all  comforts  including 

a bed.  The  lack  of  healthful  sleeping  quarters,  resulted  in  a hip 

li 

complaint  and  he  was  crippled  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  Samuel 
Peters,  a missionary  at  Hebron,  Connecticut,  whom  I have  mentioned 
as  among  the  most  offensive  of  the  clergy,  aroused  great  hatred 
because  of  his  loyalty  and  indiscreet  conduct,  and  he  was  singled 
out  for  severe  treatment.  In  August,  and  September,  of  1774,  mobs 
gathered  at  his  home  to  enforce  from  him  the  acknowledgement  that 
he  had  been  in  the  wrong.  He  met  them  fearlessly,  believing  that 
his  priestly  garments  would  protect  him,  but  he  found  that  he  was 
dealing  with  a people  who  regarded  nothing  which  did  not  aid  them 
in  the  attainment  of  that  end  which  they  were  fighting  for.  He  was 
taken  by  force  to  the  Meeting-house  Green,  and  here  he  was  forced 
to  read  a confession  which  they  had  previously  written  for  him.  He 
left  soon  after  for  England  and  continued  writing  in  defense  of  his 

Q 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine,  IX,  234 
10 

Ibid,  IX,  235-236 
11 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  of  Connecticut , 316 


■ * * ' . >■  ' ■'^''  ■>'•'  ';i- 


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I ' J 


*4 


46 

13 

native  country. 

The  punishments  of  these  unfortunate  individuals  were  often 

of  a surprising  nature.  One  clergyman  was  seized  at  night,  stripped 

naked,  then  tied  to  a tree  and  severely  whipped,  and  left  alone  to 

13 

he  discovered  the  following  morning.  Another  was  thrown  into  a 

village  pond  and  his  food  consisted  of  herrings,  which  were  thrown 
14 

in  to  him.  Others  were  arrested  for  marrying  and  baptizing  memhers 

15 

of  their  own  congregations.  Mr.  Tingley,  of  Delaware,  who  had 
written  to  relatives  in  New  York  asking  them  to  send  him  some  com- 
forts for  his  elderly  mother,  sickly  wife  and  two  small  children, 
was  deprived  of  these  articles  when  they  arrived,  even  though  his 
"dying  wife  begged  a small  part  of  them  as  medicine."  Soldiers 
surrounded  his  house,  which  was  searched  for  possible  letters  of  in- 
formation, and  with  cursing  and  swearing  the  soldiers  threatened  to 
hang  him  upon  one  of  the  highest  trees  near  the  house.  His  family 
had  barely  enough  bread  to  eat  and  clothes  to  wear,  to  be  comfort- 

16  I 

able.  The  Edicts  of  Congress  and  the  Penal  laws  disturbed  the  peace 
of  the  clergy.  Mr.  Barton,  of  Deleware , writes  in  1776,  that  he 
"cannot  complain  of  having  received  any  gross  insults  or  personal 
abuse,  except  from  the  mob,  yet  so  intollerable  were  the  Penalties 
of  these  Laws,  and  so  severe  the  Execution  of  them,  that  prudence  of 
my  own  safety  directed  me,  at  such  times  as  were  not  employed  in 


12 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , 306,  307 

13 

Hawks,  Contributions  to  the  Ecclesiastical  History  etc.,  I,  146 

14 

Trevelyn,  The  American  Revolution.  I,  190 

15 

Perry,  History  of  the  American  Episcopal  Church , I,  301 
American  Archives . fourth  series,  V,  405-406 

16 

Perry,  Historical  Collections . IV,  136-137 


•f  1 


»v. 

i • , ' > »■  tt  *;.<.: 

v3-;tia  'aa* 

‘\.llJflv  , 

wi-n'  ■■: - 

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, , .'  ‘ V 

■J 

■ ' ■ ■■'  - ‘ 

.•mx.  ' • 

‘^1  • ' 


J ■ ' ' ''  f, 

Vc  -t  I'-tT 


U 5^,  ■....■  in'! 

'li 


.,,,■;*  i V, 

,i  ■**—  '*  ;* 

)■  : 

■■:,  mlii  l.-.yt'-ix 


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X 


, •.,.Vi*5J‘  , ;r*;  , ' ■ ; 


at  ' 


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L,ic-y  5 


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■j  ■ ■ V ^ 

V 5lr  0(>*>.,  ■'.•iH  , I «r^  J > ■ 

- -A  ' ♦>. 


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y?- ' ■ ’ .■  - 4 , . ' '■  . ">■'  p ■'  *t.  ‘ ■ ■ . .*  ' ' 

»■■  M . ..V-  V^’'“  ?^f ' 


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■'  I 


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».  • C . - ..  . . -.  V.  ...it. 


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7 


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'.X  ^ I 


• ■ J;-  ' i f ■ y': 


47 


Viaitations  to  my  people,  to  confine  myself  entirely  to  my  own  house j 

17 

which  I did  for  two  years." 

There  can  be  little  doubt  but  that  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of 
England  were  more  obnoxious  to  the  partiotic  party  and  were  punished 
more  severely  than  many  of  their  fellow  loyalists.  Of  course  most 
of  the  suspicion  and  distrust  was  brought  on  by  the  clergy  refusing 
to  sign  agreements,  and  the  manner  in  which  they  persisted  in  read- 
ing the  ritual,  containing  prayers  of  allegiance  to  King  George  and 
Great  Britain.  They  were  before  the  public  on  many  occasions,  and 
the  Partiots  could  learn  readily  of  the  decided  stand  which  they  wer« 
taking,  by  slipping  into  the  Anglican  churches  and  listening  to  the 
service,  and  the  sermons  urging  the  people  to  non-resistance.  This, 
of  course,  infuriated  and  disgusted  the  men  who  so  firmly  believed 
that  independence  was  the  one  means  of  assuring  political  liberty. 
This,  then,  was  the  incentive  for  severely  beating  the  clergy  and 
for  drawing  them  through  mud  in  order  to  encourage  a humble  attitude, 
They  were  denied  council  at  trials,  and  even  kept  in  ignorance  of 
the  charges  for  which  they  were  usually  convicted.  They  could  not 
even  walk  quietly  down  the  street  without  hearing  insulting  epithets 
hurled  at  them.  They  were  put  under  strict  supervision,  and  abuse 
after  abuse  was  heaped  upon  them.  The  churches , which  they  had  laborec 
to  build,  were  burned  and  their  homes,  containing  all  of  their  cher- 
ished belongings,  most  valuable  of  all  the  libraries,  were  also  des- 
16 

troyed. 

Rev.  Thomas  Barton,  a missionary  in  Deleware,  who  was  given 
the  alternative  of  resigning  his  vows  of  allegiance  or  finding  pro- 

17 

Ferry,  Historical  Collections , V,  129,  130 
16 

For  further  references,  see  the  next  page. 


V ♦ >^^>v^'’\V'  Ow^  nm li^q  .4% 

^ ^ '■  ■ , . . . f-a 

Ifh  1^ 


'd^  *G- 

\ d- 


■ ' ‘ f4iS^  i4^hHyi'4‘tuu-^ 

'l^  ■ .’  ■'  ■ . : _ • /r>  . .’  ^-It. 


■ . ,f-  ■ ■ ^ > ■ . JBk^r  ■ L ■•  ■',  ' 

»f:<f  - .0(f 


. A -^.  r ^ 4. ftw. • '«  - 4 s. m rk  tw:-  •-  r\ii  Y'r  in-x.  ffk 


,:-  n/  ' ■/'*’ I'  ' ,F‘-> ’ ' L''^j£>^’''‘-3i'  • ^ ^ -a  " 


46 


tection  in  the  British  army, in  a letter  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
S.P.Q.  dated  January  6,  1779,  and  Rev.  Byles  in  a letter  May  4,  1766 
expresses  the  state  of  mind  of  many  of  the  Anglican  clergy  who  had 
"been  ill-treated.  Barton  writes,  ”The  Clergy  of  America,  the  mis- 
sionaries in  part,  have  suffered  beyond  exairiple,  and  indeed  beyond 
the  records  of  any  history,  in  this  day  of  trial.  Most  of  them 
have  lost  their  all,  many  of  them  are  now  in  a state  of  melancholy 
pilgrimage  and  poverty,  and  some  of  them  have  lately  (from  grief 

and  despondency  it  is  said)  paid  the  last  debt  of  nature what 

have  we  done  to  deserve  this  treatment  from  our  former  friends  and 
fellow  citizens?  We  have  not  intermeddled  with  any  matters  incon- 
sistent with  our  callings  and  functions.  We  have  studied  to  be 
quiet  and  to  give  no  offence  to  the  present  rulers.  We  have  obeyed 
the  laws  and  government  now  in  being,  as  far  as  our  consciences  and 
prior  obligations  would  permit.  We  know  no  crime  that  can  be  allege  L 
against  us,  except  an  honest  avowal  of  our  principles  can  be  deemed 

such,  and  for  these  have  we  suffered  a persecution  as  cruel  as  the 

19 

bed  oi  Procrustes."  Rev.  Byles  says,  "such  are  the  horrors  of  civil 
war!  - and  I have  nothing  to  sonsole  me,  unless  it  be  a conscious- 
ness that  I have  never  contributed  to  kindle  the  destructive  flame, 
but  on  the  contrary,  have  exerted  all  my  little  influence  to  prevent 


18  (continued) 

Maryland  Historical  Magazine . VIII,  346,  346 
Maw kins.  Missions  of  the  Church  of  England.  161-163,  351-353 
(This  entire  colume  is  valuable  for  letters  showing  the  condition 
of  the  clergy) 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury . 59 
(This  j, too , contains  many  references  to  the  sufferings) 

American  Archives . fourth  series,  VI,  1651 

Beardsley,  Hist ory  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , 1 , 317- 33J 
Perry,  Historical  Collections,  IV,  131,133,  136,  137 

19 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury,  57,  56 


(S,^.'^"*',."  >ii-' 


-CXl 


(£  '.  r :;■  ■ ' ^ ■'  ..^V-.r'>  •0,‘j  :^’  ' '"'fe'^‘-l  " ‘ ^ 4 


I '*  "ii'S^ 


l:V-. , 


;»  .-«i 


49 

20 

it."  I agree  with  Beardsley  that  "it  is  a foul  blot  upon  the  pat- 

® r-  j 

riotiSDQ  of  the  times  that  these  things  were  anywhere  encouraged." 


20 

Perry,  Historical  Collections . IV,  132,130 
Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  of  Engl  and,  250 
21 

Beardsley,  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Connecticut , I,  332 


v:  ,'•  -vV 


''f’l.'.f  IV- ' ''  .•  -'■’iitr-''' Aj  , Jfjf'ui 


. . ■ •%■  'V- •■  ;va!;V  ..^  ■ 1 


ff:\  ..  • V K • . 


.\j£  ,j:»%--  . . , ■ ,jPPki 


"i'm  l.i'*"  I' 'I  y. 

‘ .yy\  ' ' '<r' 


50 

ch;iPTER  VI 
Conclusion 

The  Anglican  clergy,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War, 
were  in  a distressful  condition.  Those  who  had  been  dependent  upon 
the  S.P.G.  for  their  support,  were  left  penniless.  Since  the  colon- 
ies were  no  longer  a part  of  Great  Britain,  the  Society  was  released 
from  all  further  obligations  in  regard  to  them,  for  the  Charter 
provided  that  only  those  within  the  resdm  of  Great  Britain  were  to 
receive  contributions.  The  Whigs  showed  little  sympathy  and  leni- 
ency toward  them,  and  their  one  desire  seemed  to  be  to  punish  those 
who  had  refused  to  aid  the  Parti ots  in  obtaining  independency.  The 
clergy  were  either  actually  forced  to  flee  for  their  lives,  or  they 
deemed  it  prudent  to  escape  before  violence  was  inflicted.  Many 
returned  to  England,  while  others  went  into  Canada.  The  Proscrip- 
tion and  Banishment  acts  were  not  repealed  as  they  should  have  been, 
when  Peace  was  declared,  and  the  clergy  suffered  from  the  confisca- 
tion of  their  property.  The  churches  and  parsonages  were  destroyed 

and  the  clergy  found  that  there  was  little  foundation  upon  which  to 

1 

begin  a reconstruction  of  the  parishes. 

The  Treaty  of  Peace  in  1763,  made  no  mention  of  religious 
affairs.  As  soon  as  the  excitement  and  fermentation  in  the  country 

1 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury . 57,  70-72 
Hawkins,  Missions  of  the  Church  England.  342-343 
Siebert,  Refugee  Loyalists  of  Connecticut 
Se ibe rt , Dlspension  of  the  American  Tories 

Siebert,  The  FI 1 ght  of  the  American  Loyalists  to  British  Isles 


55^  vis  .-v^'  - V 


iivi'''  '■'.,  y^ie^xo'  >^\Ltdt  • --^ 

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fcl'.v. 

M-'’''’  ' i'^'-’  .1'  i’’ •'  .S-^'',"’^  '''  i ‘^"  ' 'j  ' - ■* 


51 

had  somewhat  died  down,  and  the  clergy  regained  a little  of  their 

old  confidence,  steps  were  taken  for  a reorganization  of  the  Church. 

The  old  antagonism  which  had  existed  for  so  many  years  between  the 

Dissenters  and  the  Anglican  clergy  had  not  disappeared  with  Peace. 

There  was  a constant  struggle  betv/een  these  two  parties  for  many 

years,  the  Dissenters  standing  firm  against  the  introduction  of  an 

American  Episcopate,  which  the  clergy  were  again  agitating  with 

c 

renewed  efforts. 

In  conclusion,  I would  say  that  the  Anglican  clergy  were  with- 
out doubt  one  of  the  most  influential  of  all  the  loyalist  elements 
in  the  Revolutionary  War  Period.  Because  the  majority  of  them  had 
courage  enough  to  remain  true  to  the  vcws,  by  which  they  had  sworn 
eternal  allegience  to  the  King  of  England,  they  aroused  the  hatred 
and  distrust  of  all  of  those  who  were  not  in  sympathy  with  the 
Church  of  Engls.nd,  and  who  feared  that  the  Anglican  clergy  were  de- 
sirious  of  promoting  the  Anglicah  Church  in  America,  for  the  purpose 
of  strengthening  the  hold  of  Great  Britain  on  her  American  colonies. 
We  cannot  help  but  admire  those,  who,  in  the  face  of  severe  oppos- 
ition and  suffering,  continued  steadfast  in  the  execution  of  the 
duties  which  they  considered  to  be  right.  I am  convinced  that  the 
Anglican  clergy  exerted  an  influence  over  their  congregations,  and 
helped  to  mold  the  opinions  of  ms^ny  who  otherwise  would  probably 
have  been  swayed  by  the  crowd,  and  would  have  fallen  into  the  popu- 
lar ranks  of  the  Patriots.  I shall  close  this  discussion  by  quoting 
from  a member  of  this  group,  Jonathan  Boucher,  who  says,  concerning 
the  unfortunate  relations  which  existed  between  Great  Britain  and 

S 

Beardsley,  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Seabury,  70  ff 


r-  ' .'*•  -'•■•»■  tR  

.-  ■f.-,’*-- ■ " n 

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52 


her  Araerican  colonies,  that  ’’all  that  either  country  has  greatly  to 

regret  on  this  subject  is,  that  the  prudence  of  the  one  did  not  keep 

pace  with  her  affections,  and  that  the  humility  of  the  other  wa*  not 

commensurate  with  her  prosperity.  Great  Britain  did  not  consider, 

that,  good  as  her  colonies  were,  whilst  she  strained  every  nerve  to 

render  them  opulent  and  -oowerful,  she  was  in  effect  advancing:  them 

3 

still  nearer  to  independency.” 


3 

Boucher,  A View,  XXXIV 


Vi  ■:* ’^ : ip?  -:« 

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1 


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